Neuro-linguistic programming ( NLP ) is an approach to communication, personal development, and psychotherapy created by Richard Bandler and John Grinder in California, USA in the 1970s. The NLP creator claims to be a link between neurological processes (neuro - ), language (linguistics ) and behavior patterns learned through experience ( programming ), and that this can be changed to achieve specific goals in life. Bandler and Grinder also claim that the NLP methodology can "model" the skills of extraordinary people, allowing anyone to acquire those skills. They also claim that, often in one session, NLP can treat problems such as phobias, depression, tic disorders, psychosomatic illness, nearsightedness, allergies, common cold, and learning disorders.
NLP has been scientifically discredited, but continues to be marketed by some hypnotherapists and by some companies that hold seminars and workshops on management training for business. There is no scientific evidence to support claims made by NLP supporters and have been discredited as pseudoscience by experts. Scientific reviews suggest that NLP is based on an obsolete metaphor of how the brain works that is inconsistent with current neurological theories and contains many factual errors. The review also found that all studies supporting the NLP contain significant methodological weaknesses and that there are three times as much higher quality research failing to reproduce the "extraordinary claims" made by Bandler, Grinder, and other NLP practitioners. Even so, NLP has been adopted by several hypnotherapists and also by companies that run seminars marketed as leadership training for businesses and government agencies.
Video Neuro-linguistic programming
History and conception
Initial development
According to Bandler and Grinder, NLP consists of a methodology called modeling , plus a set of techniques they get from their original application. Of the methods that are considered fundamental, they derive much from the work of Virginia Satir, Milton Erickson and Fritz Perls.
Bandler and Grinder also used the theories of Gregory Bateson, Alfred Korzybski and Noam Chomsky (especially transformational grammar), as well as the ideas and techniques of Carlos Castaneda.
Bandler and Grinder claim that their methodology can codify the inherent structure of therapeutic "magic" as done in therapy by Perls, Satir and Erickson, and is inherent in complex human activity, and then from that codification, its structure and activity can be learned by other people. Their 1975 book, Magical Structure I: Book on Language and Therapy , is meant to be a codification of Perls and Satir therapy techniques.
Bandler and Grinder say they use their own modeling process to model Virginia Satir so they can produce what they call the Meta-Model, a model for gathering information and challenging the client's language and underlying thoughts. They claim that by challenging linguistic distortions, defining generalizations, and recovering deleted information in client statements, the concept of transformational grammar surface structure results in a more complete representation of the underlying structure underlying and therefore has therapeutic benefits. Also derived from Satir is the retaining , the future pacing and the representation system .
In contrast, Milton-Model - hypnotic language model is said to be Milton Erickson - described by Bandler and Grinder as "artfully cryptic" and metaphorical. The Milton-Model is used in combination with Meta-Model as a softener, to induce "trance" and to provide indirect therapeutic advice.
However, assistant lecturer in the field of linguistics Karen Stollznow explain the reference Bandler and Grinder to experts such as named intercropping. In addition to Satir, the people they call as influences do not collaborate with Bandler or Grinder. Chomsky himself has no connection with any NLP; the original work is intended as a theory, not therapy. Stollznow writes, "rather than borrowing terminology, NLP has no authentic resemblance to Chomsky's theory - or linguistic, cognitive or political philosophy."
According to Andrà ©  © Muller Weitzenhoffer, a researcher in the field of hypnosis, "the major weakness of linguistic analysis of Bandler and Grinder is that so much of it is built on untested hypotheses and supported by data that is completely inadequate." Weitzenhoffer adds that Bandler and Grinder abused formal and mathematical logic, redefined or misunderstood the terminology of lexicons (eg, , nominalization), created a scientific façade with unnecessary Ericksonian concepts with unfounded claims , making factual mistakes, and ignoring or confusing concepts that are central to the Ericksonian approach.
Recently (around 1997), Bandler has claimed, "NLP is based on figuring out what works and formalizing it.In order to formalize the pattern I use everything from linguistics to holography... The NLP model is all formal models based on mathematical, logical principles such as predicate calculus and mathematical equations underlying holography. "However, no holographic or holographic mathematics is mentioned in general in the McClendon, Spitzer, or Grinder record of NLP development.
On the development of NLP, Grinder repeated:
My memory of what we thought at the time of discovery (with respect to the classic code we developed - ie, 1973 to 1978) is that we are quite explicit that we are out to overthrow the paradigm and that, for example, I, for one, find it very useful to plan this campaign using in part as an excellent working guide of Thomas Kuhn ( Structure of the Scientific Revolution ) in which he details some of the conditions that historically have gained amid a paradigm shift. For example, I believe it is useful that none of us qualify in the field we first pursue - psychology and in particular, its therapeutic application; this became one of the conditions that Kuhn identified in his historical study of paradigm shifts.
The philosopher Robert Todd Carroll replies that Grinder has not yet understood Kuhn's texts on the history and philosophy of science, The Structure of the Scientific Revolution . Carroll replied: (a) individual scientists never had or they were ever able to create a paradigm shift by chance and Kuhn did not suggest otherwise; (b) Kuhn's text does not contain the idea that not qualifying in the field of science is a prerequisite for producing results requiring a paradigm shift in that field and (c) The structure of the Scientific Revolution is the work of history and not an instructive text about making paradigm shifts and such texts impossible - extraordinary discoveries are not a formula of procedure. Carroll explains that the paradigm shift is not a planned activity, but is the result of scientific efforts in the current (dominant) paradigm that yields data that can not be adequately accounted for in the current paradigm-just shifting paradigm , namely the adoption of a new paradigm.
In developing NLP, Bandler and Grinder did not respond to the paradigmatic crisis in psychology nor did it produce data that caused a paradigmatic crisis in psychology. There is no sense in which Bandler and Grinder cause or participate in a paradigm shift. "What did Grinder and Bandler do that made it impossible to continue doing psychology... without accepting their ideas? Nothing," Carroll argued.
Commercialization and evaluation
In the late 1970s, the human potential movement has evolved into an industry and provided the market for some NLP ideas. At the center of this growth is the Esalen Institute in Big Sur, California. Perls has led many Gestalt therapy seminars in Esalen. Satir was the early leader and Bateson was a guest teacher. Bandler and Grinder claimed that in addition to being a therapeutic method, NLP also studied communications and began marketing it as a business tool, claiming that, "if any human can do anything, you can too." After 150 students paid $ 1,000 each for a ten-day workshop in Santa Cruz, California, Bandler and Grinder submitted academic papers and produced popular books from seminar transcripts, such as Frogs to Prince, sold more of 270,000 copies. According to court documents relating to intellectual property disputes between Bandler and Grinder, Bandler earned more than $ 800,000 in 1980 from workshops and book sales.
A community of psychotherapists and students began to form around the early work of Bandler and Grinder, leading to the growth and deployment of NLP as theory and practice. For example, Tony Robbins practices with Grinder and takes advantage of some ideas from NLP as part of his own speaking and motivational programs. Bandler led several failed attempts to exclude others using NLP. Meanwhile, the increasing number of practitioners and theorists led to NLP becoming less uniform than in its foundation. Prior to the decline in NLP, scientific researchers began to test their theoretical grounds empirically, with research showing a lack of empirical support for NLP's important theories. The 1990s were characterized by fewer scientific studies that evaluated the NLP method from the previous decade. Tomasz Witkowski attributes this to a declining interest in the debate as a result of the lack of empirical support for NLP from his supporters.
Maps Neuro-linguistic programming
Main components and core concepts
NLP can be understood in three broad components and central concepts related to these matters:
- Subjectivity. According to Bandler and Grinder:
- We experience the world subjectively so we make subjective representations of our experience. This representation of subjective experience is based on five senses and languages. It means that our subjective subconscious experience is in terms of the traditional sense of vision, audition, tactics, smell and overthrow in such a way that when we - for example - train "in our head" activities, remembering an event or anticipating our future will "see" the image, hear "sound," feel "feel," feel "touch sensation," smell and think in some (natural) language.) Furthermore it is said that this representation of subjective experience has a visible structure, a pattern.In this sense NLP is sometimes defined as a study of the subjective experience structure . The
- behavior can be explained and understood in terms of a sense-based subjective representation. Behavior is widely understood to include verbal and non-verbal, incompetent, maladaptive or "pathological" behavior and effective or skilled behavior. Behavior
- (in self and others) can be modified by manipulating these sense-based subjective representations.
- Awareness. NLP is based on the idea that consciousness is halved into conscious components and unconscious components. Subjective representations that occur outside the individual consciousness consist of what is called the "unconscious mind".
- Learning. NLP uses imitative learning methods - called modeling - which is claimed to be able to codify and reproduce the expertise of copies within each activity domain. An important part of the codification process is the description of the sensory representation sequence/linguistic subjective experience of the examples during the execution of the skill.
Technique or set of practices
According to one study by Steinbach, classical interactions within NLP can be understood in several key stages including building relationships, gathering information on mental state problems and desired goals, using specific tools and techniques to intervene, and integrating proposed changes into client life. The whole process is guided by non-verbal responses from clients. The first is the act of building and maintaining the relationships between practitioners and clients achieved through pacing and leading verbal (eg i , sensory and keyword predictors) and non-verbal behaviors ( eg >, match and reflect non-verbal behavior, or respond to eye movements) of the client.
Once the relationship is established, the practitioner can collect information (eg, , use Meta-Model questions) about the current state of the client and help clients determine the desired country or destination for interaction. Practitioners pay special attention to verbal and nonverbal responses because clients define the current state and desired circumstances and any "resources" that may be needed to bridge the gap. Clients are usually encouraged to consider the consequences of the desired outcomes, and how they may affect their life or personal or professional relationships, taking into account any positive intent of any problems that may arise (ie ecological checks). Fourth, the practitioner helps the client in achieving the desired result by using certain tools and techniques to change internal representation and response to stimuli in the world. Finally, change is "the future" by helping clients to practice mentally and integrate changes into their lives. For example, clients can be asked to "step into the future" and represent (see mentally, hear and feel) how it feels to have achieved results.
According to Stollznow (2010), "NLP also involves the analysis of peripheral discourse and" practical "guidance for" enhanced communication. "For example, one text affirms" when you adopt the word "but" people will remember what you say afterwards. With the words "and", people remember what you said before and after. â € <â € <"
Apps
Alternative medicine
NLP has been promoted with the claim it can be used to treat various diseases including Parkinson's disease, HIV/AIDS and cancer. Such claims have no supporting medical evidence. People who use NLP as a form of treatment are at serious risk for adverse health consequences because they can delay the provision of effective medical care.
Psychotherapy
The earliest books on NLP have a psychotherapeutic focus considering that the early model was a psychotherapist. As an approach to psychotherapy, NLP shares the same core assumptions and foundations with some contemporary short and systemic practices, such as solutions that focus on short therapy. NLP has also been recognized to have influenced these practices by framing techniques that seek to achieve behavioral change by shifting the context or meaning , for example, by finding a positive connotation of a thought or behavior.
The two main therapeutic uses of NLP are: (1) in addition to the therapist practicing in other therapeutic disciplines; (2) as a special therapy called Neurolinguistic Psychotherapy recognized by the United Kingdom Council for Psychotherapy with initial accreditation by the Association for Neuro Linguistic Programming and more recently by the organization of his daughter Neuro Linguistic Psychotherapy and Counseling Association. Both Neuro-Linguistic Programming and Neuro-Linguistic Psychotherapy are NICE-approved.
According to Stollznow (2010) "Bandler and Grinder's famous Frogs into Princes and their other books boast that NLP is a cure-all that treats various physical and mental conditions and learning difficulties, including epilepsy, myopia and dyslexia. With a promise to cure schizophrenia, depression and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, as well as his dismissal of psychiatric illnesses as psychosomatic, NLP shares similarities with Scientology and the Commission on Human Rights (CCHR). "A systematic review of an experimental study by Sturt et al (2012) concludes that "there is little evidence that NLP interventions improve health-related outcomes." In his review of NLP, Stephen Briers writes, "NLP is not really a cohesive therapy but a ragbag with different techniques without a very clear theoretical basis... [and the evidence base] is almost nonexistent." Eisner writes, "NLP seems to be a superficial and attention-grabbing approach to dealing with mental health issues.Unfortunately, NLP seems to be the first in a long line of mass marketing seminars intended to completely cure mental disorders... it seems NLP does not have empirical or scientific support for the principles underlying his theory or clinical effectiveness, what remains is a mass-marketed portion of psychopablum. "
Andrà © Muller Weitzenhoffer - a friend and colleague of Milton Erickson - writes, "Does NLP really abstract and explain the essence of successful therapy and provide everyone with the means to become another Whittaker, Virginia Satir, or Erickson? [The failure of NLP to do this is proven because at the moment there is not much in common with them, not even another Whittaker, Virginia Satir, or Erickson) Ten years should be enough time for this to happen, in which case I can not take NLP seriously. [NLP] contributions to our understanding and the use of Ericksonian techniques are equally dubious. Pattern I and II are poorly written works that are ambitious and arrogant attempts to reduce hypnotism becomes a miracle of words. "
Clinical psychologist Stephen Briers questioned the value of the NLP proverb - prejudice in NLP jargon - "no failure, just feedback". Briers argues that the denial of the existence of a failure reduces the value of its instruction. He offers Walt Disney, Isaac Newton, and J.K. Rowling as three examples of unambiguous personal failures that serve as a boost for great success. According to Briers, it was "a failure-and-burn type of failure, not a sanitized Failure Lite NLP, a failure failure that failed" that prompted these people to succeed. Briers argues that adherence to the proverb leads to self-cessation. According to Briers, personal effort is a product of significantly invested values ​​and aspirations and significant failure dismissal because mere feedback effectively lowers one's values. Briers writes, "Sometimes we need to accept and mourn the death of our dreams, not only casually ignore them as unimportant.Replanning NLP makes us a widower who avoids sadness as a leap into unyielding relationships with more women young, never stopping to say goodbye to his dead wife. "Briers also argues that the NLP proverb is narcissistic, selfish and separate from the idea of ​​moral responsibility. Other uses
Although the original NLP core techniques are therapeutic in their generic properties orientation they enable them to be applied to other fields. These applications include persuasion, sales, negotiation, management training, sports, teaching, training, team building, and public speaking.
Scientific Criticism
In the early 1980s, NLP was advertised as an important advancement in psychotherapy and counseling, and attracted interest in clinical counseling and psychological research. However, since controlled trials failed to demonstrate any benefit from NLP and its supporters made an increasingly dubious claim, scientific interest in the NLP faded. Many literature reviews and meta-analyzes have failed to show evidence for the assumption or effectiveness of NLP as a therapeutic method. While some NLP practitioners argue that the lack of empirical support is due to inadequate testing of NLP research, the consensus scientific opinion is that NLP is a pseudoscience and who tries to ignore research findings based on this argument "[acknowledging that NLP has no evidence base and NLP practitioners seeking post-hoc credibility. "Surveys in the academic community have shown NLP to be widely discredited among scientists. Among the reasons for considering the NLP of a pseudosain is that the supporting evidence is limited to anecdotes and personal testimony, that it is not informed by neuroscience and linguistic scientific understanding, and that the name "neuro-linguistic programming" uses jargon words to impress the reader and obscure ideas, whereas NLP itself does not connect any phenomena with neural structures and has nothing in common with linguistics or programming. In fact, in education, NLP has been used as a key example of pseudosain.
As quasi-religion
Sociologists and anthropologists - among others - have categorized NLP as a quasi-religion of New Age and/or Human Potential Movements. Medical anthropologist Jean M. Langford categorizes NLP as a form of popular magic; that is, a practice with symbolic efficacy - as opposed to physical efficacy - capable of influencing change through nonspecific effects (eg, , placebo). For Langford, NLP is similar to syncretic folk religion "which attempts to marry the wonders of folk practice with professional medical science". Bandler and Grinder (and continue) are influenced by the shamanism described in Carlos Castaneda's books. Some ideas and techniques have been borrowed from Castañeda and incorporated into the NLP including so-called double induction and the idea of ​​"stopping the world" which is the center of NLP modeling. Tye (1994) characterizes NLP as a type of "psycho shamanism". Fanthorpe and Fanthorpe (2008) see similarities between mimetic procedures and the purpose of NLP modeling and ritual aspects in some syncretic religions. Hunt (2003) illustrates the comparison between attention to the lineage of an NLP teacher - clear among some NLP supporters - and attention to the flow of teachers in some Eastern religions.
In Aupers and Houtman (2010) Bovbjerg identifies NLP as New Age's "psycho-religion" and uses NLP as a case study to show the thesis that New Age psycho-religions such as NLP are based on an intrinsic religious idea of ​​"transcendent". In the monotheistic religion of the world, says Bovbjerg, the purpose of religious practice is communion and fellowship with the transcendent "other", God. With the New Age's psycho-religion, arguing Bovbjerg, this orientation toward the 'other' transcends continues but the other has become the "other within us," which is called unconscious : "[T] the inner life of the individual becomes the intangible focus of religious practices [psycho-] and the unconscious becomes a constituent part of the understanding of modern individuals about the Self." Bovbjerg adds, "[c] the treasure in personal development will not make sense without the unconscious that contains hidden sources and hidden knowledge of the self." So psycho-religious practice revolves around the ideas of the conscious and unconscious self and communicates with and accesses the hidden source of the unconscious self-transcendent others . According to Bovbjerg, the idea that we have an unconscious self underlies many NLP techniques either explicitly or implicitly. Bovbjerg argues, "[t] through certain practices, psycho-religious practitioners [NLP practitioners] are hoping to achieve self-perfection in a never-ending transformation of self."
Bovbjerg's secular criticism of the NLP resonates in the conservative Christian perspective of the New Age represented by Jeremiah (1995) who argues that "[t] he? Transformation? Recommended by the founders and leaders of this business seminar [like NLP] has spiritual implications can not be recognized by people who are not Christians or new people, the belief that humans can change themselves by calling the power (or gods) within or their infinite human potential is the contradiction of the Christian view, man is a sinner and saved by the grace of God only. "
Intellectual property dispute
In late 1980, the collaboration between Bandler and Grinder ended. On September 25, 1981, Bandler launched a civil action against Grinder and his company, seeking redress and compensation for Grinder's commercial activities in relation to NLP. On October 29, 1981, a decision was made to support Bandler. As part of the Bandler settlement agreement granted to Grinder a 10-year limited license to conduct an NLP seminar, offer certification in NLP and use the NLP name provided that the royalties from the seminar revenue will be paid to Bandler. In July 1996 and January 1997, Bandler instituted two more civil actions against Grinder and his company, a number of other prominent figures in the NLP and 200 unnamed initially. Bandler alleged that Grinder had violated the terms of the settlement agreement reached in the initial case and had suffered commercial damage as a result of the allegedly illegal commercial activities of the defendants. Bandler searched from each defendant damages no less than US $ 10,000,000.00. In February 2000, the Court found against Bandler, stating that "Bandler has misrepresented the public, through license agreements and promotional materials, that he is the exclusive owner of all intellectual property rights associated with NLP, and retains the exclusive authority to determine membership and certification at the Society of NLP. "
In this case Stollznow (2010) commented, "[i] rona, Bandler and Grinder fought in the 1980s because of trademark and theoretical disputes.Tellingly, none of NLP's models, pillars and principles helped the this founder to solve their personal problems and professional conflicts. "
In December 1997, Tony Clarkson instituted civil proceedings against Bandler in order for the NLP English trademarks to be revoked by Bandler. The court found supporting Clarkson; The Bandler trademark was later revoked.
In late 2000, Bandler and Grinder entered a release in which they agreed, inter alia, that "they are co-creators and co-founders of Neuro-linguistic Programming technology" and "mutually agree to refrain from underestimating any other venture, in any way, of their own involvement in the field of NeuroLinguistic Programming. "
As a consequence of these disputes and settlements, the names of NLP and Neuro-linguistic Programming are not owned by any party and there are no restrictions on any party that offers NLP certification.
Association, certification, and standard practitioners
The names of NLP and Neuro-linguistic Programming are not owned by any person or organization; they are not trademarked intellectual property rights and there is no central regulatory authority for NLP instruction and certification. There is no limit on who can describe themselves as the Master Practitioner NLP or NLP Master Trainer and there are many certification associations; this has prompted Devilly (2005) to describe the training and certification of such associations as granfalloons , a proud and insignificant association of humans.
There is considerable variation in the depth and breadth of training and standards of practitioners, and some disagreements between them in the field about which pattern, or not, the actual NLP. NLP is an open field of training with no "official" best practice. With different authors, individual trainers and practitioners have developed their own methods, concepts, and labels, often their brand as NLP, training standards and quality are very different. In 2009, a British television presenter could register his pet as a member of the British Neuro Linguistic Observing Council (BBNLP), who later claimed that he was only there to provide benefits to its members and not to ensure credentials.
See also
- Emotional Freedom Technique
- Unproven and unproven list of cancer treatments
- Milton H. Erickson
- Family system therapy
- Frank Farrelly
Famous practitioner
- Steve Andreas
- Richard Bandler
- John Grinder
- Paul McKenna
Notes and references
Bibliography
- Bandler, R., Grinder, J. (1975), Magical Structure I: Books on Language and Therapy , Science and Book of Behavior. ISBNÃ, 0-8314-0044-7
- Bandler, R., Grinder, J. (1976), Magical Structure II. Books on Communication and Change, Books on Science and Behavior. ISBN 978-0-8314-0049-1
- Bandler, R., Grinder, J. (1981), Reframing: Neuro-Linguistic Programming and Meaning Transformation , Pers Release Persons. ISBNÃ, 0-911226-25-7
Further reading
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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