A athlete of a biological passport is an individual, electronic record for a professional athlete, in which a profile of biological doping markers and doping test results are collected over a period of time. Doping violations can be detected by noting the variation of the level set by the athlete beyond the allowed limits, rather than testing and identifying illegal substances.
Despite the recent terminology of passport, the use of biological doping markers has a long history of anti-doping. Perhaps the first doping marker, which attempts to detect illicit substances that are not based on its presence in urine or blood, but through deviations caused by biological parameters, is what is called testosterone over the epitestosterone (T/E) ratio. T/E has been used by sports authorities since the early 1980s to detect anabolic steroids in urine samples. A decade later, in 1997, blood doping markers were introduced by several international federations, such as Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) and Federation Internationale de Ski, to prevent the misuse of undetectable erythropoietin recombinance by direct means at that time.. It was only in 2002 that the concept of using biological markers to detect doping became known as the athlete passport . The benefits of this testing paradigm are expressed in the scientific literature and terminology adopted by the World Anti-Doping Agency.
Many believe that athlete passports provide an excellent alternative to ensuring fairness in elite sport. While new drug tests must be developed and validated for each new drug, the main advantage of an athlete's passport is that it is based on the stability of human physiology. New drugs are produced at an unprecedented pace and there is often a few years' gap between the availability of new drugs and the effective application of detection methods. In contrast, human physiology has remained the same for generations and all the biomarkers developed today in athlete passports will remain valid for at least several decades. For example, the passport blood module is already sensitive today for any new form of recombinant erythropoietin future, as well as for any form of doping gene that will increase the transfer of oxygen to the muscle. Also, while a negative drug test does not necessarily mean that the athlete is not doing doping, the athlete can show his passport early in the competition to prove that he will compete under his unchanging natural conditions.
Passport athletes received much attention when his blood module was established at the start of the 2008 racing season by UCI. In May 2008 they revealed that 23 motorists were suspected of doping after the first phase of the blood test was performed under a new biological passport. The blood module of the athlete passport aims to detect all forms of blood doping, steroid modules of all forms of doping with anabolic steroids and modified endocrine modules of the growth hormone/IGF-1 axis. Each of these modules is on different steps of development, validation and application in sports.
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Testing of athlete's biological passport
According to the World Anti-Doping Agency, the athlete's biological passport is given to determine whether an athlete manipulates his physiological variables without detecting a particular substance or method. Biological passports use a standard approach to urine sampling to determine the misuse of steroids. The purpose of this test is to identify athletes in hematology modules and steroid modules.
Test a hematology module for a specific marker on the body that identifies an increase in oxygen transport. Specific modular test markers to include hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, reticulocyte percentage, reticulocyte count, median corpuscular volume, average corpuscular hemoglobin, red cell red cell width, and immature reticulocyte fraction.
The steroid module collects information about markers for steroid doping and aims to identify endogenous androgenic anabolic steroids. Specific marker tests for modules include testosterone, epitestosterone, testosterone/epitestosterone, androsterone, and etiocholanolone.
The World Anti-Doping Agency recently released the list of 2014 Sublicensed Substances and it will take effect on January 1st. In the new list, agencies modify the definition of exogenous and endogenous steroids tested in steroid modules of biological passports.
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Bicycling
Rules of existence
Under the new rules, registered riders must provide Union Cycliste Internationale's daily information about its location and provide an hour-long window for possible testing. They must submit a form every quarter of each year to say where they will be every day in the next quarter and they should tell UCI if they change their whereabouts at any time. This means the presence information provided in the archiving place is accurate and detailed enough to allow the relevant Anti-Doping Organization to find it for testing on a given day within that time frame. This is the most invasive testing program in the history of any sport, but UCI feels this privacy invasion is justified because the previously implemented anti-doping regime failed to detect any doping violation.
Cyclists are subject to sanctions based on their biological passports
The biological passport program has allowed UCI to sanction motorists for violating anti-doping rules. Riders have also been targeted with further doping controls based on their biological passports.
During the first three years of UCI bio passport program, 26 riders were found to be positive for EPO. In 20 of the 26 cases, it is an abnormal blood profile that raises suspicions leading to targeted doping tests.
- Manuel Beltran (Liquigas) tested positive for EPO in Tour de France 2008 in a test targeted after anomalies appeared in blood samples taken at the start of the Tour. Pre-tour blood samples were collected by the French Anti-doping Agency (AFLD) and the results of the examinations were submitted to UCI to form part of their profile database for their biological passport program.
- Gabriele Bosisio (LPR Brakes-Ballan) tested positive for EPOs in control outside the competition in September 2010, after being targeted under a biological passport program. He received a two-year sanction.
- Antonio Colom (Tim Katusha) tested positive for using EPO in control outside the competition in April 2009, after being targeted under a biological passport program. He received a two-year sanction. Thomas Dekker (Rabobank) tested positive for using EPO in retroactive tests performed on urine samples taken in December 2007. Dekker's hematology profile led UCI to review the EPO analysis for urine samples conducted since the introduction of the biological passport program.
- Danilo Di Luca (LPR Brakes-Ballan) tested positive for CERA twice during the 2009 Giro d'Italia after being targeted under the biological passport program.
- Alberto FernÃÆ'¡ndez de la Puebla (Fuji-Servetto) tested positive for EPOs in control outside the competition in October 2009, after being targeted under a biological passport program. He received a two-year sanction.
- David George (MTB) tested positive for EPOs in out-of-competition controls on August 29, 2012, after being targeted under the biological passport program of the South African Institute for Drug-Free Sports (National Anti-South African) doping agency). He claimed to have used the EPO and received a two-year sanction.
- Massimo Giunti (Androni Giocattoli) tested positive for EPOs in out-of-competition controls in February 2010, after being targeted under a biological passport program. He received a two-year sanction.
- Eddy Ratti (De Rosa-Stac Plastic) tested positive for using EPO in control outside the competition in January 2010, after being targeted under a biological passport program. He received a two-year sanction.
- Manuel VÃÆ'¡zquez Hueso (AndalucÃÆ'a-Cajasur) tested positive for using EPOs in control outside the competition in March 2010, after being targeted under a biological passport program. He received a two-year sanction.
Athletics
The International Federation of Athletics Associations introduced their Biological Passport Passport program in 2009, and they announced the first sanction under the passport in May 2012. Portuguese marathoner HÃÆ' Â © lder Ornelas became the first track and field athlete suspended for doping based on a biological passport. He received a four-year suspension in May 2012.
Track and field athletes are sanctioned on the basis of their biological passports
In March 2014, the Spanish athletics federation cleared Marta Dominguez in the case of a bio passport. El Pais reports that the IAAF will take the case to CAS. In February 2014 IAAF announced that they would appeal to Asl? ÃÆ' â € ¡ak? R Alptekins ABP related doping case to CAS after the Turkish federation has cleared it. The IAAF also suspends it temporarily. An IAAF spokeswoman in January 2015 confirmed that Russian racer Sergey Bakulin, while suspended since December 2012 in ABP related doping cases. The IAAF otherwise does not publicly disclose suspensions. In February 2015 the Turkish press reported that ÃÆ'Ã… "mmÃÆ'¼ Kiraz, Bahar Do? An, Semiha Mutlu and Meliz Redif are being investigated in the case of a bio passport.
Triathlon
In 2012, USADA approved the American triathlon Mark Fretta "after variations in his individual longitudinal blood profile as well as other documentary evidence demonstrating the use of Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents". Fretta received a four-year ban, and the results of August 18, 2010 and beyond were canceled.
Football (soccer)
In 2014, biological passports are introduced at the 2014 FIFA World Cup; blood and urine samples from all players before the competition and from two players per team and per game analyzed by the Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analysis.
Note
References
External links
- WADA: Resource atlet of biological passport
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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