Tuition was first introduced throughout the United Kingdom in September 1998 under the Labor government as a means to fund tuition fees for undergraduate and graduate students at the university, with students required to pay up to Ã, Â £ 1,000 a year for tuition. However, as a result of the establishment of a devolved national administration for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, different arrangements now exist with regard to the imposition of tuition fees in each country in the United Kingdom.
Video Tuition fees in the United Kingdom
Histori
In May 1996, Gillian Shephard, the Secretary of State for Education and Employment, commissioned an investigation, led by Nottingham University Chancellor Sir Ron Dearing into the funding of higher education for the next 20 years. The National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education reported to the new Labor Government, in the summer of 1997, stating that billions of additional funding would be needed during the period, including Ã, Â £ 350 million in 1998-9 and Ã, Â £ 565 million in 1999- 2000, to expand student enrollment, provide more support for part-time students and ensure adequate infrastructure. The Committee, as a part of the brevity, has controversially investigated the likelihood of students contributing to these expansion costs, either through loans, postgraduate taxes, deferred contributions or means of testing state aid, as their report notes:
20.40 We do not underestimate the power of feelings on the matter of seeking contributions to tuition fees: we also do not argue against the logic of the proposed argument. However, a detailed assessment of these issues has convinced us that the arguments in favor of tuition fees from graduates in employment are strong, if not widely appreciated. They relate to equality between social groups, expand participation, equality with part-time students in higher education and in further education, strengthen student roles in higher education, and identify new sources of income that can be fenced in for higher education.
20.41 Therefore, we have analyzed the implications of various options against the criteria set forth in paragraph 20.2. There are a variety of options to choose from, ranging from asking graduates to contribute only to their living expenses to getting all graduates to contribute to their college tuition. We have chosen to examine the four options in depth
In response to these findings, the 1998 Higher Education and Teaching Act was issued on 26 November 1997, and adopted on July 16, 1998, part of which introduces tuition fees in all UK countries.
This law introduces a proven payment method for students based on the amount of money their family earns. Beginning with 1999-2000, maintenance grants for living expenses will also be replaced by loans and repaid at a rate of 9 percent of graduate income above Ã, Â £ 10,000.
After devolution in 1999, the new governments in Scotland and Wales took their own action for school fees. The Scottish Parliament was established, and then abolished graduate donations to replace the costs. Wales introduced a maintenance grant up to Ã, Â £ 1,500 in 2002, a value that has since risen to over Ã, Â £ 5000.
In the UK, college fee hats are rising with the 2004 Higher Education Act. Under the Act, UK universities may start charging variable fees up to Ã, Â £ 3,000 per year for students enrolling in courses ranging from the academic year 2006-07 or then. It was also introduced in Northern Ireland in 2006-07 and was introduced in Wales in 2007-08. In 2009-10 the cap rose to Ã, £ 3,225 a year to account for inflation. Following Browne Review in 2010, the hat was controversially raised to Ã, Â £ 9,000 per year, sparking a massive student protest in London.
The legal review of cost increases failed in 2012, and a new fee system began to be used in September.
Students pay interest on the loan. In 2012, this rate is set at the retail price index (RPI) plus 3%. Students who started university between 1998 and 2011 paid the base rate of the Bank of England plus 1%. Students who start university before 1998 pay interest set at the RPI level. As a consequence of the 2012 changes, students who graduate in 2017 will pay 6.1% interest, even though the base rate of the Bank of England becomes 0.25%.
Further adjustments are put forward in the 2015 budget, with proposed cost increases corresponding to inflation from the academic year 2017-18 onwards, and a plan for the abolition of maintenance grants from September 2016. The change was disputed by the Third Delegate Legislation Committee in January 2016, not in the Commons. The lack of voting on this issue has invited criticism, because by avoiding the Commons the steps "automatically become law". Tuition and perceptions about them are directly related to satisfaction.
Maps Tuition fees in the United Kingdom
Current system
English
In the UK, tuition is limited to  £ 9,250 a year for UK and EU students, with about 76% of all institutions imposing the full amount in 2015-16. Loans of the same size are available to most universities, although students from private institutions are only eligible for loans of  £ 6,000 per year.
From 2017-18 onwards, the cost of capitalization of £ 1,000 will rise with inflation. Maintenance grants are also available for current students in the UK, although these are scheduled to stop with the academic year 2016-17. Maintenance loans are available for living expenses, and these are the means under test. These loans are scheduled to increase in size for 2016-17, when the grant system maintenance is phased out gradually. There will be a vote in the fall to consider further effective increases by 2017-18. Some universities have advertised a fee of £ 9,250 for the year in anticipation of such endorsement.
In a 2015 spending review, the government also proposed a freeze on the payment threshold for a tuition loan of £ 21,000; the previously set figure goes up with average earnings. Changes, if enacted, will affect all Plan 2 tuition loans, which apply to cover loans taken from 2012.
Effect
Many commentators suggest that an increase in 2012 tuition in the UK will make poor students not enroll in universities. However, the gap between rich and poor students narrowed slightly (from 30.5% in 2010 to 29.8% in 2013) since the introduction of higher costs. This may be because universities have used tuition to invest in scholarship and outreach programs. In 2016, The Guardian noted that the number of disadvantaged students applying to universities has increased 72% from 2006 to 2015, a larger increase than in Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland. It writes that most of the gaps between richer and poorer students tend to be open between Key Stage 1 and Key Stage 4 (ie in high school), than when applying for university, and so the money collected from tuition fees should be spent there. As a replacement.
A study by Murphy, Scott-Clayton, and Wyness found that the introduction of tuition fees has "increased funding per head, increased enrollment, and narrowed the participation gap between the disadvantaged and disadvantaged students."
Northern Ireland
The current tuition fees are limited to Ã, £ 4,030 in Northern Ireland, with loans of the same size available from NI Student Finance. Loan payments are made when incomes rise above Ã, £ 17,335 per year, with graduates paying back a percentage of their income above this threshold.
Scotland
Tuition fees are handled by the Scottish Student Prize Agency (SAAS), which does not charge for what is defined as "Young Students". Young students are defined as those under 25 years of age, without children, marriage, civil partnerships, or colleagues living together, who have not been out of full-time education for more than three years. Fees exist for those who are beyond the definition of young students, typically from Ã, Â £ 1,200 to Ã, Â £ 1,800 for undergraduate courses, depending on the year of application and type of qualification. Postgraduate costs can be up to £ 3,400.
This system has been in existence since 2007 when the postgraduate endowment was abolished. Labor education spokeswoman Rhona Brankin criticized the Scottish system for failing to tackle student poverty. Scotland has fewer disadvantaged students than England, Wales or Northern Ireland and disadvantaged students receive about Ã, Â £ 560 per year less in financial support than their counterparts in the UK.
Wales
Like their English counterparts, Welsh universities can charge up to £ 9,000 a year in college tuition. However, Welsh students can apply for a grant fee of up to Ã, £ 5,190, in addition to  £ Ã, 3,810 loans to cover these costs. This system also applies to Welsh students studying elsewhere in the UK.
Alternative possibilities
There are two main alternative ways proposed for funding university studies: from general taxation or by postgraduate taxes.
Funding from general tax
Tuition fees are paid for with general taxes in Germany, although only 27% of young people get college qualifications there, whereas in the UK the comparable figure is 48%. Most or part of university funding from general taxation has been criticized by the Liberal Democrats as 'tax cuts for the rich and tax increases for the poor' because people will be taxed for paying for something that many will not benefit from, while graduates generally earn more much because of their qualifications and just have to pay back.
Jeremy Corbyn, the current Labor leader, has stated that he will abolish school fees instead of funding higher education by increasing National Insurance and Corporate Tax. In the long run, it is expected to cost the government about Ã, Â £ 8 billion a year.
In July 2017, Lord Adonis, former staff of the Policy Unit Number 10 and the education minister in charge of introducing tuition fees, said the system had become a "Frankenstein monster" that made many students owe more than £ 50,000. He believes the system should be canceled or the fee is returned between Ã, Â £ 1,000 and Ã, Â £ 3,000 per initial scheme.
Graduate tax
During the 2015 Labor leadership election, Andy Burnham said that he would introduce a postgraduate tax to cover fees. He ultimately did not succeed in his quest for leadership. Postgraduate taxes have been criticized because there is no way to earn money from students who move to another country, or a foreign student who returns home.
References
External links
- Text of the Higher Education Act 2004, which introduces top-up fees
- BBC News Q & amp; A: Student Fees
- The Guardian: All Change (guide for cost)
- Student Loans Company (the body responsible for providing and managing student loans in the UK)
- Dear Report
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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