Snow removal or snow clearance is the task of removing snow after a snowfall to make the journey easier and safer. This is done either by individual households or by governments and institutions.
Video Snow removal
De-icing dan anti-icing
De-icing is defined as the removal of existing snow, ice or ice from roadways, airport runways, or other surfaces. This includes both mechanical means, such as plowing or scratching, and chemical means, such as salt applications or other ice-melting chemicals. Anti-icing is the treatment with ice melting chemicals before or during the onset of a storm to prevent or delay the formation and adhesion of ice and snow to the surface. Salt, or wet salt, is usually used just before the start of a snow storm. When done correctly, anti-icing can significantly reduce the amount of salt required and allow for easier removal by mechanical methods, including plowing.
De-icing paths have historically been achieved by snowplows or specially designed dump trucks that disperse salt, often mixed with sand and gravel, onto slippery roads. Rock salt is usually used because it is cheap and available in large quantities. However, salt water freezes at -18 Â ° C (0 Â ° F), and therefore is not effective at this low temperature. It also has a strong tendency to cause corrosion, rusting of steel used in most vehicles and rebar on concrete bridges. Newer snowmelters use other salts, such as calcium chloride and magnesium chloride, which not only lower the freezing point of water to much lower temperatures but also produce exothermic reactions, which release more heat in the melt. In addition, they are somewhat safer for concrete walkways, but the excess still has to be removed.
Recently, organic compounds have been developed that reduce the environmental impact associated with salt and that have a longer residual effect when spreading on the highway, usually simultaneously with salt water or salt solids. This compound is produced as a by-product of agricultural operations, such as distillation of sugar beets or ethanol distillation. This mixture of selected organic compounds with salt combinations produces more dispersible and more effective substances at lower temperatures (-34 ° C or -30 ° F).
Since the 1990s, the use of liquid chemical melts has increased, sprayed on the road by nozzles, and not the spinning spinner used with salt. Liquid melters are more effective at preventing ice from bonding to the surface than melting through the existing ice.
Some proprietary products incorporate anti-icing chemicals into the sidewalk. Verglimit combines calcium chloride granules into the pavement sidewalk. Granules are constantly exposed to traffic congestion, and release calcium chloride to the surface. This prevents snow and ice from sticking to the sidewalk. Cargill SafeLane is a special sidewalk surface treatment that absorbs anti-icing salt water, which will be released during storms or other ice glacial events. It also provides a high friction surface, increasing traction.
In Niigata, Japan, relatively cheap hot water bubbles through holes in the sidewalk to melt the snow, although this solution is only practical in the city or city. Some individual buildings can melt snow and ice with electric heating elements buried in the sidewalk, or even on the roof to prevent ice dams on shingles, or to keep large chunks of snow and ice harmful from collapse on anyone below. Small areas of the sidewalk can be stored ice-free with heated liquid circulation in an embedded piping system.
Maps Snow removal
Delete by individual
Most of the snow clearance by individuals is clearance of driveways and walkways. After heavy snowfall, snow can be removed from the roof to reduce the risk of structural damage due to its weight.
In places with light snow, brooms or other light instruments can be used to brush snow from the streets and other surfaces. In areas with more rainfall, snow is generally removed with a snow shovel, a large lightweight shovel used to push the snow and lift it, and a snow shovel or snow shovel, a large hopper-like tool fitted with a wide grip and designed to scoop up a lot snow it and slide it onto a slippery surface to another location without lifting it. Other tools include snow triggers and shovels with one or more wheels.
Shoveling requires a lot of physical effort and can filter your back and liver. Every year many elderly and middle-aged people die of a heart attack while shoveling snow.
Snow blowers are often used by people who are unwilling or unable to do this job, people with large driveways or other substantial surfaces and people living in areas with lasting winters with heavy snowfall. Others can hire a contractor with a plow or spade truck. After heavy snowfall, businessmen with truck plows often pass through the cities offering to hijack money.
Eliminating ice is harder. Snow blowers are usually ineffective when cleaning the ice. Options are sometimes used, but solid shovels can break up most of the ice. There is always the risk of damaging the sidewalk with this instrument. The ice area can be covered with salt or some other substance, the bag is widely available.
Recent technological advances are a snowmelt system that heats the sidewalk from below and melts snow and ice after a period of time. Such systems are expensive to install and operate and are not cost-effective in areas with very low winter temperatures and heavy snowfall.
Some governments offer free snow removal for the elderly and others in need. In some cities, snow clearing for the elderly and disabled residents is counted against the hours of community service defined as punishment for minor offenses.
In some places, legislation requires homeowners to clear snow from public sidewalks in front of their homes, as well as pathways on their own property to their mailboxes. Those who fail to do so, depending on the laws of jurisdiction, may face fines and may be held accountable for the injury suffered by others on the surface they must explain. In some jurisdictions, such as New York, the owner of a private shovel house is held individually responsible for the injuries of others caused by falls in dredged areas.
Cleaning up and freeing one's vehicle is another matter. Some people who need their vehicle will only do almost what it takes to drive a vehicle and remove it from its space. Failure to clear all snow and ice from the vehicle causes danger by damaging the driver's visibility, and ice from the roof of the driven vehicle can cause a crash. In some jurisdictions, drivers who fail to clear the snow from their vehicles can be fined entirely. Others may be more meticulous in this process.
In some urban residential areas with off-street parking, residents use objects to mark the space they dug so that they can reclaim their space upon return.
Cleans by landlord or adjacent building
In some countries, keeping the sidewalk clear and safe in winter is the obligation of the landowner or adjacent building. Owners may be individual residents, in the case of family homes, but also municipalities, municipal districts or their specialized organizations or housing cooperatives or some other company (especially if some of the offices or industrial objects are concerned). Owners of large buildings or building complexes generally have mechanical snow removal equipment, but individual homeowners mostly clean the sidewalks with hand tools.
One example of the long-standing debate on snow removal obligations comes from the Czech Republic. In Prague, evidence of such duties has been documented since 1838. The government's decision of the Bohemian Protectorate and Moravia no. 1/1943 Sb. said that cleaning sidewalks in urban residential areas with more than 5000 residents, district towns and other specified cities is the duty of adjacent land owners or users. Municipalities are empowered to perform this task at the expense of adjoining landowners. The Czechoslovak Road Act no. 135/1961 Sb. (Ã,§23) adopted the rule of law for all municipalities, but the municipal office may modify it. The new Road Law of the Czech Republic, No. 13/1997 Sb. (Ã,§9 art.4) let this enforcement in place and state that the maintenance of roads, lanes, lanes etc. It is the obligation of the owner without exception. Nonetheless, Ã,§27 art. 4 attached to adjacent landowners responsible for damages caused by defects cleansing. In the 2002 and 2003 annual reports, the Czech Public Rights Defender made a claim because there was a difference between the theoretical and practical interpretation of the action and recommended that strict formulations be put in place. This distinction was repeatedly handled by the courts, and the Supreme Administrative Court on 27 June 2005 and the Constitutional Court on 3 January 2007 each stated that the indirect clearance of liability expressed for damages. Those who disagree with the task argue that it is a remnant of the feudal power or the total regime of Nazis and communists, that today, mandatory work mandated by law is contrary to the Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Rights Charter and systematic urban cleansing. more effective than cleaning by individuals. On December 6, 2007, the Czech Republic Senate proposed on the example of its Constitutional Committee to remove a controversial article from Ã,§27 of the Road Act of 1997. The Czech government gave support to it by a narrow majority. In a previous vote and after a heated debate, the Czech Republic Chamber of Deputies has approved this change with a margin of 116 to 31 of the 190 members present. Since April 16, 2009, the amendment was made by Law Number 97/2009 Sb. the mandate that clearing the sidewalks is the only obligation of the street owner or the road, that is generally the municipality. Despite the abolition of the task, many people, including their opponents, stated that they would continue the winter cleansing of the sidewalks and city lanes, but instead would do so voluntarily and on their own behalf.
As mentioned during discussions in the Czech Parliament in a statement by the Czech Municipal and Municipal Associations, similar duties of adjacent landowners exist in many other modern countries, eg. Austria, France, USA and some Bavarian cities.
Clearing by contractor
Hire a contractor with a winter service vehicle or spade.
In many highlands or areas accumulated with snow, companies with snow removal equipment offer to provide services to remove snow. Contractors may work on time, full season contract, or call status. The per-time (or per-push) service is usually billed monthly and the customer will be charged for each service. Some companies will charge a per-time and per-inch fee in which even snow depth is taken into account. Full-season contracts are quoted and paid upfront at the start of the season and services will be automatically provided in accordance with the terms of the contract. Terms are sometimes different between companies. For example, some full season contracts will expire after a certain number of trips where others are unlimited. And finally, the calling service will be where the client makes contact with the snow removal company to start a single clearing. This is not an automated service and fees are usually higher for emergency call jobs.
Snow removal services may include driveways and snow removal in parking areas, road and deck work, and sometimes roof cleaning. Contractors use hand shovels, walk behind snowblower (or snow thrower), plow trucks, skid-steers, light tractors, and heavy front-end loaders. Many times, these machines will require the use of tire chains to perform their tasks. Snow can be driven by the hijacking method or blown into the property area by the snowblower. The contractor may apply sand or salt at several locations to help melt the accumulated ice.
Many snow removal contractors will require the installation of snow or snow poles installed along the driveway. This is to keep the equipment out of the landscape and to help identify the perimeter of an area.
Delete by city
Cities cleared snow on a much larger scale than individuals. Most cities in areas that get snow regularly maintain a fleet of snow clearing vehicles. The first to be sent are the pirates who do the hijacking but also wet the road. Salt, through the freezing point of depression, helps melt snow and ice and also gives the vehicle more charm. Then, usually when the snow has stopped falling, the snowplow, the front end loader with snowplow attachments and the graders covering each road push the snow to the side of the road. Salty trucks often return to handle the remaining ice and snow. The trucks generally travel much faster than the plow, averaging between 30 and 40 kilometers per hour. Most cities have at least twice as many plows as trucks. Smaller narrow body ropes, with Caterpillar tracks or large snow tire salts and crystal clear sidewalks in some cities, but in many other cities with fewer snowfalls and/or fewer individual pedestrians assigned to clean the sidewalks in front of their homes. Ecological movements often oppose the use of this salt because of the damage it causes when it finally washes the road and spreads to the environment in general.
In cities where snow continues to accumulate over the winter, it is also necessary to eliminate the piles of snow piled on the side of the road known as windrow or snowbanks. There are a number of methods to do this. Pulling snow is done when the temperature rises high enough for the traffic to melt the snow. Windrows are then split and scattered on the road. Casting is the movement of snow by using a shovel or plowing to the nearest public land. On the highway or the winging back road is completed, which consists of pushing the snow banks further out of the way. The most expensive option, but required when there is no nearest place to throw snow, is to transport it. This is most often done by large self-propelled snowblowers that collect piles of snow on the side of the road and load it onto a dump truck. The snow is then dumped on the outskirts of the city, or in the nearby lake, river, or harbor. (Some jurisdictions have banned snow dumping into local water bodies for environmental reasons - modern roads can be contaminated with melt salts, motor oil and other substances.) The snowmelt machine may be cheaper than moving snow, depending on fuel costs and temperature environment.
Rolls made by plows in residential areas often block the entrance and imprison parked cars. The snow driven there by any plow is a dense version of falling snow "normal". When temperatures are well below freezing, this full snow picks up some solid ice characteristics. Removal is almost impossible without mechanical means.
The largest roads and highways are the first to be cleaned up; roads with steep hills or other dangers are also often a priority. Roads used by buses and other mass transit are also often given higher priority. It often takes hours, or even days, to cover every street in town. In some places, snow emergency will be announced, where vehicle owners are required to move their vehicle from the road (or one side of the road). If the car is on the road when the plow comes, they can be hauled in a tow truck. Some communities have an emergency rule about snow in the winter, where vehicles may not be parked on the road overnight, whether it is snowing or not. After a smaller snow storm only the main road is cleared while the housing is left to melt by passing traffic. The decision on direct removal versus "natural smelting" can be difficult because the discomfort of citizens and the economy in general should be weighed against the immediate effect on the snow removal budget at any given time of the season.
In big cities with heavy snowfall like Montreal and Ottawa, the cost of snow clearing for every season is an important part of the seasonal public works budget and every snowstorm provokes a huge logistics operation involving thousands of employees working in shifts 24 hours a day. These efforts can vary greatly depending on the amount of snow. Montreal gets about 225 cm of snow every winter and spends more than $ 158 million Canadian (2013) every year to remove it. Toronto, with about 50 percent more population and 28 percent more road surface, gets 125 cm of snow a year and spends about half of it. The higher cost in Montreal is because of the need to do "snow removal" compared to the simple "snow clearance" needed both by high amounts of snow and fewer melting days.
In Helsinki, Finland, the amount of snow transported from roads and properties to snowfills during the winter of 2009-2010 is 210,000 truckloads, equivalent to over 3 million cubic meters.
Snow removal has an impact on urban infrastructure design. If possible, roads are wider to accommodate windrows and sidewalks are not right next to the road. Fire hydrants will have high flags to place them under the windrow. The reflective traffic lane marker embedded in the runway is unlikely (or more difficult) because of the risk of damage by the plow. Access to landfill sites (eg cliffs) by heavy equipment is also planned.
It is estimated that Canada spends $ 1 billion annually for snow removal. Employees who do this work are generally the same workers who do road-maintenance work during the summer months, but in some cities the US garbage trucks are also equipped with plows and used for snow removal. Many smaller US communities sign contracts with insurance companies, where insurance companies assume severe winter risks. Insurance companies, of course, set tariffs in such a way that they are averaged over time they will make a profit; cities are willing to pay more for snow removal in mild winters to avoid the risk of running dramatically beyond budget in the sometimes severe winter.
Large organizations such as universities and airports also often have their own mechanical snow clearing forces. Public transport systems generally stop clearly while the post office is clean around the mailbox. Railroad has its own snow cleansing device such as rotary snowplows.
Airport, with associated runways, taxiways and ramp areas is an exception to the use of salt, since the metal used in aircraft construction will pose a safety problem.
Snowboard site
A snow-disposal site is the location where snow is removed as part of the snow removal process. Designated sites are sometimes needed to prevent water and soil pollution because the snow collected on the road usually contains a variety of sand chemicals, de-icing, vehicle fluids, engine emissions, and garbage. Some pollutants become watery and drift with melted water and some concentrate in the dump. Throwing into fresh water is "... almost universally banned because of the serious impact that salt deicer can afford in freshwater life." In the United States, disposing of snow into water bodies is not specifically prohibited by the Clean Water Act or the Disposal Law of the Oceans. State and local governments determine their own disposal policies.
The selection of snowfowing sites is based on the availability of suitable land and pollution prevention factors that may include distance from lakes and rivers, the installation of silt fences, soil types and aquifers, and other factors. Some sites may use filters and sediment ponds to help prevent pollution from spreading. Sometimes excessive amounts of snow must be discarded and sometimes allowed to be discharged into water bodies "emergency" only.
Surface treatment
The surface is treated primarily by snow removal. Roads are also treated by spreading various materials on the surface. These materials generally fall into two categories: chemical and inert. Chemical distribution (including salt) induces depression of freezing point, causing ice and snow to melt at lower temperatures. Chemical treatments can be applied as a precaution and/or after a snowfall. Inert materials (ie sand, brash, slag) create irregular surfaces to increase traction. Both types can be applied together, but inert materials tend to decrease traction once the snow and ice have melted.
Bahan-bahan perawatan kimia meliputi:
- Sodium chloride (garam meja biasa, NaCl)
- Kalsium klorida (CaCl 2 )
- Kalium klorida (KCl)
- Magnesium klorida (MgCl 2 )
- Amonium nitrat (NH 4 NO 3 )
- Amonium sulfat [(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ]
- Potassium acetate (CH 3 COOK)
- Urea [(NH 2 ) 2 CO]
- Propilen glikol (C 3 H 8 O 2 )
- Kalsium magnesium asetat (C 4 H 6 O 2 Ca dan C 4 H 6 O 2 Mg)
- Sodium ferrocyanide (hydrous, Na 4 Fe (CN) 6 o10H 2 O)
- Metil alfa-D-glukopiranosida (C 7 H 14 O 6 )
In the EU, 98% of the chemical treatment materials used in 2000 were sodium chloride in various forms. Effectively up to -5 Â ° C, highest -7 Â ° C. For cooler temperatures, calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) is added to NaCl in some countries, but the spread is limited because it costs about 6 times more than sodium chloride. Other substances are rarely used and experimental. Alternative substances (urea, alcohol, glycols) are often used at airports. In recent years, Geomelt, a combination of salt water and bit juice that is considered a waste product has been used for pretreatment. In Wisconsin, USA, excess salty water from cheese making has been used for this purpose.
Inert deployment can be:
- sand
- rude, debris, crushed cracks, etc.
- slag
- wood ash (only for household use)
- sawdust
Treatment options may include consideration of effects on vegetation, pets and other animals, local watersheds, and effectiveness with regard to speed and temperature. Some chemicals can degrade concrete, metals, and other materials. The resulting meltwater and mud can cause the ice to rise and fall if it returns to freeze, which can also damage the sidewalk. Inert materials can damage the vehicle and create dust.
For example, in the Czech Republic during the winter of 2000/2001, clean material expenditures for road maintenance were: 168,000 tons of salt (mostly NaCl), 348,000 tons of sand and crushed stone and 91,000 tons of other materials. like slag. In Ireland, annual salt expenditure is 30,000 tons. Switzerland reported their annual expenditure as 600 grams of salt for every square meter of average road.
Side effects
Frozen chemicals and inert materials should be carefully selected and applied.
Chemicals can react with infrastructure, environment, and vehicles. Corrosion and aluminum chloride steel in reinforced concrete, structures and vehicles. Acetate can cause stripping of asphalt, weakening the bond between asphalt binder and aggregate. Sand and sand can clog joints and road cracks, prevent asphalt developing in summer and increase pressure on the sidewalk.
Salt can be toxic to plants and aquatic life, including trees lining the side of the road. Sand can change aquatic habitat where roads are near rivers and lakes. Acetate can reduce oxygen levels in smaller water bodies, emphasizing the life of aquatic animals. Sand can be ground with tires into very fine particles and become air, contributing to air pollution.
Snow removal tool
- Snow Chop
- Snowflower
- Snowplow
- Ice capture
- Spade
- Winter service vehicle
- Snowmelter
- The Snowmelt system is embedded in the sidewalk, also known as radiant heat.
See also
References
External links
- Association of Snow and Ice Management
- Have a Snow Shovel, Go Travel: Snow Removal History
- Comparison of snow and ice substances to melt
- Tools for ice walks and sidewalks are mechanical
- Snow Melting System-Radiant Heat Exchange
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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