Pineus radiata , the Pinaceae family, Monterey pine , pine insignis or radiata pine , are native pine species to California Central Coast and Mexico (Guadalupe Island and Cedros island).
P. radiata is soft-density medium, fast growing, medium density, suitable for various uses. Its silviculture is highly developed, and built on a strong foundation for more than a century of research, observation, and practice. This is often regarded as a model for farmers of other plantation species. It is the most planted pine in the world, rewarded for the fast growth and quality of wood and pulp desired.
Although P. radiata is extensively cultivated as timber plantations in many of the temperate parts of the world, it faces a serious threat in its natural range.
Video Pinus radiata
Distribution
It comes from very limited three areas located in Santa Cruz, Monterey Peninsula, and San Luis Obispo County. It is also found as a variety of Pinus radiata var. young man or Guadalupe pine on Guadalupe Island, and possibly P. radiata var./subsp. cedrosensis on Cedros Island, both in the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of the northern Baja California Peninsula in Mexico.
In Australia, New Zealand and Spain, this is the leading tree of introduction and in Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Kenya, and South Africa, this is a large plantation species. It is also a tree introduced in the most remote inhabited island of the world, Tristan da Cunha.
Maps Pinus radiata
Description
P. radiata is a coniferous conifer tree that grows up to 15-30 m (50-100 ft) in the wild, but up to 60 m (200 ft) in cultivation under conditions optimal, with upward-rising branches and rounded tops. Leaves ("needles") are bright green, in groups of three (two in var. binata ), slim, 8-15Ã, cm (3-6Ã, in) long and with a blunt end. The cone is 7-17 cm (3- 6 1 / 2 on) long, brown, oval (egg-shaped), and usually arranged asymmetrically on the branch, attached to a sloping angle. His skin was cracked and dark gray became brown.
This is closely related to bishop pine and knobcone pine, hybridizing easily with both species; it is distinguished from the first by the needle in the three (not the pair), and of both by the cones has no sharp spine on the scales.
The modern tree is very different from the native Monterey tree. In plantations, trees are generally planted at a distance of 4 Æ' â € "4 m on a variety of landscapes from flat to moderate hills. Due to selective breeding and recently extensive use of growth factor seedlings, forests grown since the 1990s are superior wood with very straight rods without twin leader problems. The trees are trimmed in 3 lifts so that 2/3 of the bottom of the mature tree is free of branches and therefore from the knot.
Ecology
P. radiata is adapted for coping with a killing fire disorder. The cones are serotonic, that is, they remain closed until opened by the heat of forest fires; the abundant seeds are then disposed to regenerate on the burning forest floor. Cones can also break in hot weather.
In its original range, P. radiata is associated with distinctive flora and fauna. This is a co-dominant canopy tree, along with Cupressus macrocarpa , which naturally occurs only in Monterey County. In addition, one of the pine forests in Monterey, California, is the discovery site for Hickman Potentilla, an endangered species. Piperia yadonii , a rare species of orchid, endemic in the same pine forest near Pebble Beach. In its original range, P. radiata is the main host for the dwarf mistletoe Arceuthobium littorum .
The remainder of P. radiata stands on Pacific Grove is the main winter habitat of the king's butterfly.
In South Africa, the tree poses a threat to scarce water sources. The tree has incredible roots. The pine pine root will reach downward as far as physically permitted by underground conditions. The roots have been found up to 12 meters (39 feet) in length. Attempts to remove large numbers of non-native trees in the South African region have resulted in significant increases in accessible water.
Conservation status
Mushroom disease
Three remaining wild stands. radiata (right Monterey Pinus) is infected and under threat of extinction from pine canker sores caused by Fusarium circinatum , fungal diseases originating from the southeastern United States and found (in 1986). ) has been introduced to California. When the tree begins to die from this disease, they pull out a bark beetle that provides a pathway for another tree infection. In some stands, 80-90% of trees are infected. If the disease is introduced in agroforestry areas depending on P. radiata , such as New Zealand, it could have a catastrophic effect in those countries as well.
Sphaeropsis blight ( Diplodia pinea ) infected P. radiata in California and caused serious damage to species plantations in New Zealand, Australia and South Africa, particularly after the hail ruined the growing tips. Baja California
On Guadalupe Island, var. binata is very threatened. Most of the population was destroyed because tens of thousands of wild goats ate binata seeds and caused soil erosion from the mid-19th century until a few years ago. The older trees gradually died until in 2001-2002 the population only reached one hundred. With the program to move the goats basically completed in 2005, hundreds of young Guadalupe pines have begun to grow in the fenced habitat after 2001, the first significant new growth in about 150 years. Unintentional introduction to pine outbreaks is considered the biggest threat today for the survival of the pine populations of Guadalupe Island. The Russell Reservation University of California Forestry Research Station hosts a garden planted with 73 seedlings of Guadalupe Island and plays an important role in preserving binata varieties .
Cultivation
Australia
P. radiata was introduced to Australia in the 1870s. This is "the dominant tree species in Australian plantation plantations" - so much so that many Australians are concerned about the loss of native wildlife habitat. This species is widely regarded as a weed environment in Southeast and Southwest Australia and the removal of individual plants outside of plantations is encouraged. Chile
P. radiata has replaced the Valdivian subtania rainforest, where large plantations have been planted for timber, once again displacing the native forest. In 2001, this species produced 5,580,724 cubic meters of wood, or 95% of Chile's total wood production. New Zealand
Monterey pine (always called Pinus radiata in New Zealand) was first introduced to New Zealand in 1859 and today 89% of the country's plantations are of this species. These include Kaingaroa Forest in the highlands of North Island which is the largest plantation forest in the world. Mass plantings became common starting in 1900 in the Rotorua area where prison workers were used. In some areas it is considered an invasive species (termed wild conifer or wilder pine) where it has escaped from the plantation. This is the most widely used wood in New Zealand.
The use of pine in construction did not extend to forced due to wartime shortage. It had been used in Southland from about 1920, but doubts had been expressed about it until the end of 1945, when at least one MP considered it suitable only for interior studding. Experiments in pressure treatment with water-soluble preservatives were prepared from 1943.
Spanish
In the Iberian Peninsula since the nineteenth century they have been introduced mainly in the northern regions to take advantage of their timber for pulp manufacturing and to prop up the work in coal mines. It is found in lowland areas of the Autonomous Communities of Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, Basque Country, and in the northern Canary Islands.
P. radiata forest has negative effects on local ecology. In the plantation there is usually no other tree species, while the shady shrubs do not allow a rich layer of rubbing. 13% of wood pieces annually in Spain come from this pine. United Kingdom
Aurea Group's Aurea cultivar has been awarded the Royal Horticultural Society of Garden Merit Award.
United States
P. radiata is widely used in private gardens and public landscapes in temperate California, and similar climates around the world. It is fast growing and adaptable to various soil types and climates, although it does not tolerate temperatures below about -15 ° C (5 ° F). Its rapid growth makes it ideal for landscapes and forests; in good situation, P. radiata
Usage
Such as wood P. radiata is suitable for various uses, and has a resin aroma while it is being worked on. It holds the screws and spikes well and picks up paints and stains without difficulty, and the dried kiln modern wood is very easy to work. This is about 1/3 the weight of the dried western red cedar. It's fragile when bent, so it does not have the same load feature as the Oregon pine (Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga ).
P. radiata is used in home construction as weather boards, poles, beams or plywood, on fences, retaining walls, for concrete formers. It is also used to some extent in boatbuilding where untreated ply is sometimes used, but must be encased in epoxy resins to exclude moisture.
The wood is usually dried up to 12% moisture in 6 m (20 ft) long, clear length. It is available treated with a variety of chemical salts, or not treated. The chemical salt treatment is well proven and such wood is often used in soil as poles and piles as part of structures such as retaining walls and house poles. The name applied to this treatment is the wood that has been irradiated. Treatment of H1 and H2 is suitable for indoor use. H3 is a standard wooden house and this grade is used for fencing palings. H4 and H5 are standard for inground usage. In New Zealand, a change in 1995 to no longer require boron treatments in the home forest, was a key factor in a leaky home crisis, but since 2003 a series of changes have now improved regulation.
Low grade wood is converted into pulp to make newsprint. Higher grade wood is used in home construction. P. radiata is used to exfoliate to make a particle board sheet, commonly used on the floor. Other sheet products are hardboard, softboard and ply. Most layers are structural and available in sizes 7-22 mm. A small amount of higher grade ply is used to produce thinner (4 and 7 mm) layers suitable for furniture, cabinet work and ship building. It is a knot and crack-free and glued with resdominol waterproof glue. Since the 1990's the grade-graded jointed foam has been available in up to 6 m long in various profiles.
In 1958, New Zealand boat designer Des Townson began to build 186 Zephyr-class instincts, eleven cold, using P. radiata . In 2011, these handmade ships took a very high price and were generally in excellent condition.
Wooden bark is also used as a substrate for pot or re-pot orchids.
P. radiata is the most common Christmas tree species in Australia and New Zealand.
References
Further reading
- LeÃÆ'³n de la Luz, Josà ©  Luis; Rebman, Jon P. & amp; Oberbauer, Thomas (2003). About the importance of conservation on Guadalupe Island, Mexico: is that heaven lost? Biodiversity and Conservation 12 (5): 1073-1082. doi: 10.1023/A: 1022854211166 (abstract HTML)
External links
- Calflora database: Pinus radiata (Monterey Pinus)
- Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment Pinus radiata
- Conifers.org - Pinus radiata
- US Forest Service
- UC CalPhotos Gallery - Pinus radiata
- Pinus radiata - the genetic conservation unit of the European Forest Genetic Resources Program (EUFORGEN)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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