Jacob "Jack" Kevorkian ( ; May 26, 1928 - June 3, 2011) is an American pathologist and supporter of euthanasia. He is famous for openly fighting for the terminal patient's right to die through physician-assisted suicide; he claimed to have helped at least 130 patients for that purpose. He is often portrayed in the media under the name "Dr. Death", although there is support for his purpose, and he helps set the platform for reform. He famously said, "Dead is not a crime".
In 1999, Kevorkian was arrested and tried for his direct role in the case of voluntary euthanasia. He was convicted of second degree murder and underwent eight years of imprisonment of 10 to 25 years. He was released on parole on June 1, 2007, provided that he would not offer advice or participate or be absent in any act of the type of suicide involving euthanasia to others; as well as not promoting or talking about assisted suicide procedures.
Video Jack Kevorkian
Early life and education
Kevorkian was born in Pontiac, Michigan, on May 26, 1928, for Armenian immigrants. His father, Levon, was born in the village of Passen, near Erzurum, and his mother, Satenig, was born in the village of Govdun, near Sivas. His father left Armenia in the Ottoman Empire and went to Pontiac in 1912, where he found a job in a car casting. Satenig escaped from the Armenian Genocide in 1915, sought refuge with his relatives in Paris, and eventually reunited with his brother at Pontiac. Levon and Satenig met through the Armenian community in their city, where they married and started their families. The couple had a daughter, Margaret, in 1926, followed by Jack's son - and, their third and last child, Flora.
Kevorkian graduated from Pontiac Central High School with honors in 1945, at the age of 17 years. In 1952, he graduated from the University of Michigan Medical School in Ann Arbor.
Kevorkian completed residency training in anatomical and clinical pathology and brief research on blood transfusion.
Maps Jack Kevorkian
Careers
For decades, Kevorkian developed some controversial ideas relating to death. In a 1959 journal article, he wrote:
I propose that a prisoner sentenced to death by a legal process should be allowed to submit, with his own free choice, to medical experiments under complete anesthesia (at the time appointed to administer the punishment) as a form of execution in lieu of conventional methods determined by law.
The senior doctor at the University of Michigan, Kevorkian's employer, opposed his proposal and Kevorkian chose to leave the University rather than stop advocating his ideas. In the end, he had little support for his plan. He returned to the idea of ​​using death row convicts for medical purposes after the 1976 Supreme Court ruling at Gregg v. Georgia institutionalized the death penalty. He advocated the taking of organs from prisoners after the death penalty was done for transplants to sick patients, but failed to gain cooperation from prison officials.
As a pathologist at the Pontiac General Hospital, Kevorkian experimented with the transfusion of blood from a recently deceased person to a living patient. He took blood from a corpse recently taken to the hospital and transferred it successfully into the body of a hospital staff member. Kevorkian thinks that the US military might be interested in using this technique to help wounded soldiers during the battle, but the Pentagon is not interested.
In the 1980s, Kevorkian wrote a series of articles for the German journal Medical and Law which explains his thinking on euthanasia ethics.
In 1987, Kevorkian began advertising in Detroit newspapers as a medical consultant for "death counseling". His first public suicide, Janet Adkins, a 54-year-old woman diagnosed in 1989 with Alzheimer's disease, occurred in 1990. The murder demands were handed down on December 13, 1990, because there was, at the time, no law in Michigan of suicide assisted. But in 1991, the State of Michigan revoked Kevorkian medical permission and confirmed that by his actions, he was no longer allowed to practice medicine or work with patients.
According to his lawyer, Geoffrey Fieger, Kevorkian helped the deaths of 130 severely ill people between 1990 and 1998. In each of these cases, the individual himself was allegedly carrying out the last act that led to their own death. Kevorkian is allegedly assisted only by attaching an individual to the euthanasia device he created and created. The individual then presses a button that releases drugs or chemicals that will end his own life. Two deaths were assisted by a device that transmits intravenous euthanasia medications. Kevorkian calls the device "Thanatron" ("Death Machine", from Greek thanatos meaning "death"). Others are assisted by tools that use gas masks fed with carbon monoxide tubes, which Kevorkian calls "Mercitron" ("Machine of mercy").
Criticism and Kevorkian Responses
According to a report by Detroit Free Press, 60% of patients who committed suicide with Kevorkian's assistance were not seriously ill, and at least 13 did not complain of pain. The report further confirms that Kevorkian counseling is too short (with at least 19 patients dying less than 24 hours after the first Kevorkian meeting) and has no psychiatric examination in at least 19 cases, 5 involving people with a history of depression, although Kevorkian is sometimes told that patients are unhappy for reasons other than their medical condition. (In 1992, Kevorkian himself wrote that it is always necessary to consult a psychiatrist while doing assisted suicide because "a person's mental state... is very important.") The report also states that Kevorkian failed to refer at least 17 patients to a pain specialist after they complain of chronic pain, and sometimes fail to get a complete medical record for his patients, with at least three Kevorkian suicide autopsies have helped by showing people committing suicide to have no physical sign of the disease. Rebecca Badger, a patient of Kevorkian and a mentally problematic abuser, has been misdiagnosed with multiple sclerosis. The report also states that Janet Adkins, Kevorkian's first euthanasia patient, was chosen without Kevorkian who ever spoke to him, only with her husband, and that when Kevorkian first met Adkins two days before assisted suicide, he "did not try to find out if Ms. Adkins wants to end his life, "because the Michigan Court of Appeals put it in a 1995 ruling that enforces orders against Kevorkian activity. According to The Economist : "The study of those who sought Dr. Kevorkian, however, showed that although many had a worsening illness... it was not usually terminal.The autopsy showed five people had no illness at all...a little more than a third is in pain Some may suffer no more than hypochondria or depression. "
In response, Kevorkian's lawyer Geoffrey Fieger published an essay stating, "I have never met a doctor living with demanding guidelines such as Kevorkian... he published it in an article for the American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry in 1992. Last year he got committee doctor, Doctor Mercy, to provide new guidelines, which he carefully followed. "However, Fieger stated that Kevorkian found it difficult to follow his" firm guidelines "for" persecution and prosecution ", adding" [H] e proposed this guide saying this is what to do - it should not be done in time of war, and we fight. "
In a 2010 interview with Sanjay Gupta, Kevorkian expressed reservations about the status of suicide assistance in Oregon, Washington, and Montana. At that time, it was only in those three states that helped suicide in the United States, and then only for severely ill patients. To Gupta, Kevorkian stated, "What difference does it make if someone is terminal? We are all terminals." In his view, a patient does not have to be seriously ill to be assisted in committing suicide, but must suffer. However, he also said in the same interview that he rejected four out of every five requests for assisted suicide, arguing that patients needing more care or medical records should be examined.
In 2011, the rights of PwDs and anti-legalization of suicide and euthanasia assisted Undead but spoke against Kevorkian, on the grounds of the potential sentiments he disclosed in his published writings. For example, on page 214 of the Recipe: Medicide, Kindness of the Planned Mortality, Kevorkian writes that helping "people who suffer or condemn suicide" is just "the first step, the initial professional obligation that is not fun... What I find most satisfying is the possibility of allowing the performance of invaluable experiments or other useful medical actions under the condition that this unpleasant first step can help establish - in obitiatry. "In the journal article, The last scary taboo: The medical aspect of the planned death , Kevorkian also drugged in detail, experimented, and exploited the defective newborn organs as a sign of" bold and deep research imaginative "it would be possible" beyond the boundaries of traditional codes of ethics but outdated, inadequately, and essentially irrelevant now supported for the most part by empty sentimental respect. "
Art career
Kevorkian is a jazz musician and composer. The Kevorkian Suite: A Still Still Life is a 1997 limited release CD of 5,000 copies from the label 'Lucid Subjazz'. It features Kevorkian on a flute and the organ plays his own work with "The Morpheus Quintet". It was reviewed on Entertainment Weekly online as "weird" but "nice". In 1997, 1,400 units were sold. Kevorkian wrote all the songs except one; The album is reviewed at jazzreview.com as "very grooviness" except for one song, with "things in between are worth of several rounds."
The first public performance of the complete classical organ that worked by Jack Kevorkian was by Craig Rifel in live concert on January 30, 1996 at Central United Methodist Church in Waterford, Michigan, including Prelude & Kevorkian. Fugue in E-flat, Dream Pipe, Sonata di D, Passacaglia at B-A-C-H, Pastorale & amp; Fugue in B-Flat, and Fantasy & amp; Fugue in C.
He is also an oil painter. His work tended in an odd and unreal direction, and he had created symbolic pieces of art, like one of "a child eating meat from a decomposing corpse." Of his known works, six were made available in 1990 for printing. Ariana Gallery in Royal Oak, Michigan, is the exclusive distributor of Kevorkian artwork. Original oil mold is not to be released. Sludge metal band Acid Bath used his painting "For He Is Raised" as a cover art for their 1996 album Paesan Terrorism Tactics .
In 2011, his painting became the centerpiece of the legal winding between the sole heiress and the Massachusetts museum.
Trial
Kevorkian was tried four times for assisting suicide between May 1994 and June 1997. With the help of Fieger, Kevorkian was released three times. The fourth session ends with the cancellation of the trial. The trials helped Kevorkian gain public support for his cause. After Oakland County state prosecutor Richard Thompson lost the main election to Republican challengers, Thompson attributed the partial loss to the declining public support for Kevorkian prosecution and related legal costs.
Conviction and prisononment
On November 22, 1998, broadcast of CBS News' 60 Minutes , Kevorkian enabled the premiere of a videotape he made on September 17, 1998, depicting the voluntary euthanasia of Thomas Youk, 52, who was in the final stages of Lou Gehrig's disease. After Youk gave full informed consent (an sometimes complicated legal decision made in this case by editorial consensus) on September 17, 1998, Kevorkian himself gave a lethal injection to Thomas Youk. This is very significant, as all previous clients have reportedly completed the process itself. During the videotape, Kevorkian challenges the authorities to try to punish him or stop him committing mercy murder. The Youk family describes deadly injections as human, not murder.
On March 26, 1999, Kevorkian was charged with second-degree murder and delivery of controlled substances (giving lethal injection to Thomas Youk). Since the Kevorkian license for medical practice had been repealed eight years earlier, it was not legally permitted to possess controlled substances. Because the law of killing is relatively fixed and routine, this experiment is very different from the previous one involving the field of law in flux (suicide assistance). Kevorkian freed his lawyers and went through a court of self-representation, a decision he later regretted. The judge ordered a criminal defense lawyer to remain available in court as an alert adviser for information and advice. Having no experience in the law but surviving in his efforts to represent himself, Kevorkian had great difficulty in presenting his evidence and arguments. He could not summon witnesses to the stands because the judge did not consider the testimony of one of the relevant witnesses.
After two days of trial, Michigan jurors found Kevorkian guilty of second-degree murder. Judge Jessica Cooper sentenced Kevorkian to 10-25 years in prison and told him:
This is a court of law and you say you invite yourself here to make the final decision. But this trial is not a chance for a referendum. The law prohibiting euthanasia was specifically reviewed and clarified by the Michigan Supreme Court several years ago in a decision involving your own case, sir. So the charge here should not surprise you. You invited yourself to the wrong forum. Well, we are a state of law, and we are a nation that tolerates dissent because we have a civilized and non-violent way of resolving our conflicts that burden the law and obey the law. We have the means and methods to protest the laws we do not approve. You can criticize the law, you can write or give a lecture about the law, you can speak to the media or petition the voters.
Kevorkian was sent to jail in Coldwater, Michigan, to serve his sentence. After his conviction (and subsequent losses on appeal), Kevorkian was denied parole repeatedly until 2007.
In an MSNBC interview aired on September 29, 2005, Kevorkian said that if he was given parole he would not proceed directly to help the dead and would limit himself to campaigning for the law to change. On December 22, 2005, Kevorkian was denied parole by the council on a 7-2 count recommending not to give parole.
Reportedly seriously ill with Hepatitis C, which he contracted while conducting research on blood transfusions in the 1960s, Kevorkian is thought to have died within a year in May 2006. After applying for a pardon, parole, or substitution by the parole board and Governor Jennifer Granholm, for good behavior on June 1, 2007. He has spent eight years and two and a half months in jail.
Kevorkian was released on parole for two years, under the condition that he would not help anyone else die, or provide care for people older than 62 or disabled. Kevorkian said he would distance himself from helping more terminal patients with death, and his role in the matter would be strictly to persuade countries to change their laws on assisted suicides. He was also banned by his parole rules from commenting on assisted suicides.
Activity after he was released from prison
Kevorkian gave a number of lectures when he was released. He teaches at universities such as University of Florida, Nova Southeastern University, and University of California, Los Angeles. His lectures are not limited to euthanasia topics; he also discussed topics such as tyranny, criminal justice system, politics, the Ninth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and Armenian culture. She appeared on Fox News Channel
On April 15 and 16, 2010, Kevorkian appeared on CNN's Anderson Cooper 360Ã, Â ° , Cooper asked, "You say doctors play God all the time?" Kevorkian said: "Of course, whenever you interrupt the natural process, you play God." Director Barry Levinson and actors Susan Sarandon and John Goodman, appearing on You Do not Know Jack , a film based on Kevorkian life, were interviewed with Kevorkian. Kevorkian was again interviewed by Cavuto at Your World on April 19, 2010 about Kevorkian's film and world view. You Do not Know Jack premiered on April 24th, 2010 on HBO. The film premiered on April 14 at Ziegfeld Theater in New York City. Kevorkian walked on the red carpet with Al Pacino, who described it in the movie. Pacino received an Emmy and Golden Globe award for his role, and personally thanked Kevorkian, who was in the audience, having received both of these awards. Kevorkian stated that both Pacino's movies and performances "made me shed tears - and I lived through them".
Congressional 2008 race
On March 12, 2008, Kevorkian announced plans to run for the United States Congress to represent Michigan's 9th congressional district as independent of eight-time congressman Joe Knollenberg (R-Bloomfield Hills), former Michigan Lottery commissioner and state senator Gary Peters (D- Bloomfield City), Adam Goodman (L-Royal Oak) and Douglas Campbell (G-Ferndale). The race has garnered national attention because Democrats are targeting the historically-based Republican district based in Oakland County, which Knollenberg barely won in 2006 against a lesser-known opponent, and who will suffer some of the worst recession's worst recession due to the Detroit Automotive industry's decline. After Kevorkian entered the race, an analyst saw Kevorkian as a candidate for the spoiler for Peters' candidacy.
Finally, Kevorkian received 8,987 votes (2.6% of votes) in the election, in which Peters defeated the incumbent Knollenberg by a margin of nine per cent. Peters will eventually serve three terms in Congress before making a successful run for the United States Senate.
Personal life
Kevorkian taught himself German and Japanese.
Disease and death
Kevorkian has been struggling with kidney problems for years. She was diagnosed with liver cancer, which "may be caused by hepatitis C," according to her old friend Neal Nicol. Kevorkian was hospitalized on May 18, 2011, with kidney problems and pneumonia. Kevorkian's condition deteriorated rapidly and he died of thrombosis on June 3, 2011, eight days after his 83rd birthday, at William Beaumont Hospital in Royal Oak, Michigan. According to his lawyer, Mayer Morganroth, there was no artificial effort to keep him alive and his death was not painful. Kevorkian is buried at the White Chapel Memorial Park Cemetery in Troy, Michigan.
Legacy
Judge Thomas Jackson, who presided over Kevorkian's first murder trial in 1994, commented that he wanted to express his grief over Kevorkian's death and that the 1994 case was brought under "poorly written laws" aimed at Kevorkian, but he tried to give him " the best experiments possible. "Geoffrey Fieger, Kevorkian's lawyer in the 1990s, gave a speech at a press conference in which he stated:" Dr. Jack Kevorkian is not looking for history, but he made history. " Fieger said that Kevorkian revolutionized the concept of suicide by working to help people end their own suffering, because he believes doctors are responsible for relieving the suffering of patients, even if it means letting the patient die. John Finn, director of palliative medical care at St. Catholic Hospital. John's, says that Kevorkian's methods are unorthodox and inappropriate. He added that many Kevorkian patients are isolated, lonely, and potentially depressed, and therefore no country consciously chooses whether to live or die. Derek Humphry, author of the suicide book Final Exit , says Kevorkian is "too obsessed, too fanatical, in his interest in death and suicide to provide direction for the nation." In a Retro Retro Report report on Kevorkian heritage and the Right to Die movement, journalist Jack Lessenberry says Kevorkian "gets a national debate, which I think he later helped paralyze by his own outrageous actions." Howard Markel, a medical historian at the University of Michigan, said that Kevorkian "is a major historical figure in modern medicine." The Catholic Church in Detroit says Kevorkian left a "deadly legacy" that denied many people their right to a humane death. Philip Nitschke, founder and director of the right-to-die organization Exit International, said that Kevorkian "moves the debate forward in a way that most of us can only imagine.He started at that point barely talked about and got people thinking about the problem He paid a very expensive price, and that is one of the hallmarks of true heroism. "
The headstone on Kevorkian's headstone reads, "He sacrificed himself for everyone's rights."
Publications
Buku
- Kevorkian, Jack (1959). The Story of Dissection . Perpustakaan Filosofi. ISBN: 978-1-258-07746-4.
- Kevorkian, Jack (1960). Penelitian Medis dan Hukuman Mati: Dialog . Buku Vantage. ISBN 978-0-9602030-1-7.
- Kevorkian, Jack (1966). Melampaui Segala Jenis Dewa . Perpustakaan Filosofi. ISBN: 978-0-8022-0847-7. Â
- Kevorkian, Jack (1978). Slimmericks dan Demi-Diet . Penumbra, Inc. ISBNÂ 978-0-9602030-0-0.
- Kevorkian, Jack (1991). Resep: Medicide, Goodness of Planned Death . Buku Prometheus. ISBN: 978-0-87975-872-1.
- Kevorkian, Jack (2004). glimmerIQs . Penumbra, Inc. ISBNÂ 978-0-9602030-7-9. *
- Kevorkian, Jack (2005). Amandemen IX: Runtuhnya Hak Kita . Penumbra, Inc. ISBNÂ 096020301X.
- Kevorkian, Jack (2010). Saat Orang-Orang Meletuskan POPs . World Audience, Inc. ISBNÂ 978-1-935444-91-6.
= Then very revised and inserted into glimmerIQs
= It is then included in the summary form to glimmerIQs
* = Revised and distributed in 2009 by World Audience, Inc.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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