A tampon is a mass of absorbent material, mainly used as a feminine hygiene product. Historically, the word "tampon" is derived from the medieval French word "tampion", meaning a piece of cloth to stop a hole, a cap , plug , or a plug . Tampons are designed to be easily inserted into the vagina during menstruation and absorbing menstrual flow. Once properly inserted, the tampon is held in place by the vagina and expands as it absorbs the menstrual blood.
Some countries organize tampons as medical devices. In the United States, they are considered a Class II medical device by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). They are sometimes used for hemostasis in surgery.
Video Tampon
Histori
Women have been using tampons during menstruation for thousands of years. In his book Everything You Should Know About Tampon (1981), Nancy Friedman writes, "There is evidence of tampon use throughout history in many cultures. The oldest printed medical document, Papyrus Ebers, refers to the use of soft papyrus tampons by Egyptian women in the 15th century BC. Roman women use wool tampons Women in ancient Japan who issued tampons from paper, held them in place with bandages, and changed them 10 to 12 times a day. Hawaiian women use the hairy part of the original fern called hapu'u; and grass, mosses and other plants are still used by women in parts of Asia. "
RG Mayne defines tampons in 1860 as: "an unusual term for the plug , whether it consists of parts of cloth, sponge, or silk handkerchief, in which the vagina inserts > Have other paths in case of bleeding. "
Dr. Earle Haas patented the first modern tampon, Tampax, with a tube-in-tube applicator. Gertrude Schulte Tenderich (nÃÆ' Â © e Voss) purchased a patent for his company's trademark, Tampax, and began as a salesperson, maker, and spokesperson in 1933. Tenderich hired women to produce the goods and then hired two sales partners to market the product to a drug store. in Colorado and Wyoming; and nurses to give public lectures on the benefits of creation; and also play a role in encouraging newspapers to run ads.
In 1945, Tampax presented a number of studies to prove the safety of tampons. A 1965 study by the Rock Reproductive Clinic states that the use of tampons "has no undesired physiological or clinical side effects".
During his study of the anatomy of women, the German gynecologist Dr. Judith Esser-Mittag developed a digital-style tampon, made to be inserted without an applicator. In the late 1940s, Dr. Carl Hahn, along with Heinz Mittag, worked on the mass production of this tampon. Hahn sold his company to Johnson and Johnson in 1974.
Maps Tampon
Tax
Several political statements have been made regarding the use of tampons. In 2000, 10% of Goods and Services Tax (GST) was introduced in Australia. While lubricants, condoms, incontinence pads and many medical items are considered essential and exempt from taxes, tampons continue to be charged GST. Prior to the introduction of GST, some states also applied luxury tax to tampons at a higher rate than GST. Special petitions such as "Ax The Tampon Tax" have been made to oppose this tax, although no changes were made.
In the UK, tampons are subject to Value Added Tax (VAT) at a rate of 5% reduction, compared to the standard 20% level applied to most products sold in the country. In 2014 the petition, commenced by Laura Coryton, founder of the Stop Taxation campaign, which called for the tampon to be fully exempt from VAT by obtaining more than 320,000 signatures. The petition shows that there is no tax on exotic meats, but it has also been noted that there is a 20% rate on toilet paper and toothpaste. The campaign got the approval of former Prime Minister David Cameron, who said, "I hope we can get rid of this... There is a problem with getting rid of VAT on certain individual issues because of how this tax is regulated and regulated in Europe." The relevant EU regulations are finally changed in 2016.
Design and packaging
The tampon design varies between companies and across product lines to offer a wide range of applicators, materials and absorbents. There are two main categories of tampons based on the insertion way - a digital tampon inserted by a finger (finger = digitus) and an applicator tampon. Applicator tampons can be made of plastic or cardboard, and are similar in design to syringes. The applicator consists of two tubes, "outer", or barrel, and "in", or plunger. The outer tube has a smooth surface to aid insertion and is sometimes equipped with a sealed round tip.
The two main differences lie in the way the tampons expand when used; Applicator tampons generally expand axially (increase in length), while digital tampons will expand radial (increase in diameter). Most tampons have straps or straps to remove. The majority of tampons sold are made of rayon, or a mixture of rayon and cotton. Organic cotton tampons are made only from 100% cotton.
absorptive rating
Tampons are available in some absorbent ratings, which are consistent across manufacturers in the US:
- Junior/Lightweight: 6g and below
- Ordinary absorption: 6 to 9 g
- Super absorbency: 9 to 12 g
- Super Plus absorbs 12 to 15 g
- Ultrasiveness of 15-18 g
Absorption rates outside the US may be different. The majority of manufacturers in the US do not use the absorption rating and the Code of Practice recommended by EDANA (European Disposals and Nonwoven Association).
A piece of test equipment called Syngina (short for synthetic vagina) is usually used to test for absorption. The machine uses condoms in which tampons are inserted, and synthetic menstrual fluid is inserted into the test chamber.
Toxic shock syndrome
Toxic shock syndrome is named by Dr. James K.Todd in 1978. Philip M. Tierno Jr., Director of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology at NYU Langone Medical Center, helped determine that the tampon was behind the toxic shock syndrome (TSS) cases in the early 1980s. Tierno blamed the introduction of high absorbent tampons in 1978, as well as a relatively recent decision by the manufacturer to recommend that tampons be overnight, for an increased incidence of toxic shock syndrome. However, a later meta-analysis found that the absorption and chemical composition of tampons did not correlate directly with the incidence of toxic shock syndrome, while the oxygen content and carbon dioxide were stronger.
The US Food and Drug Administration recommends the following guidelines to reduce the risk of contracting TSS when using tampons:
- Follow the package instructions for insertion
- Select the lowest absorbency needed for a person's flow (the FDA's power test is approved)
- Follow the guides and directions of tampon use (located on the box label)
- Consider using cotton or cloth tampons instead of rayon
- Change the tampon at least every 4 to 6 hours
- Alternate use between tampons and pads
- Avoid using overnight or overnight tampons
- Increase awareness of warning signs from Toxic Shock Syndrome and other tampon-related health risks (and remove tampons as soon as risk factors are noticed)
TSS-tampon-connected cases are very rare in the United States. A study by Tierno also determined that all cotton tampons are less likely to produce conditions in which TSS can grow, this is done by using a direct comparison of 20 tampon brands. including conventional cotton/rayon tampons and 100% organic cotton tampons from Natracare. Even Dr. Tierno stated that "The bottom line is you can get TSS with a synthetic tampon but not with a cotton tampon."
Sea sponges are also marketed as menstrual hygienic products. A 1980 study by the University of Iowa found that commercially sold marine sponges contained sand, sand, and bacteria. Therefore, marine sponges also have the potential to cause toxic shock syndrome.
Clinical use
Tampon is currently being used and tested to restore and/or maintain a normal vaginal microbiota to treat bacterial vaginosis. Some of them are publicly available but equipped with disclaimers. The efficacy of the use of this probiotic tampon has not been established.
Environment and remove
The ecological impact varies according to the method of disposal (whether the tampon is flushing to the toilet or put in the trash). Factors such as tampon composition will also have an impact on the water treatment system or waste treatment. The average woman uses about 11,400 tampons in her life. Tampon made of cotton, rayon, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, and fiber. Aside from cotton, rayon and fiber finish, these materials are not bio-degradable. Organic cotton tampons are biodegradable, but they must be composted to make sure they break down in a reasonable amount of time. Rayon is found to be more biodegradable than cotton.
An eco-friendly alternative to using tampons is menstrual cups, reusable dressings, menstrual sponges and reusable tampons. Menstrual cup is a silicone cup used inside the vagina to collect fluids. Reusable sanitary pads are similar to disposable pads, but are different in the sense that they can be washed and used as much as the owner needs. For women who can not or do not want to use menstrual cups, but like internal products, a sea sponge that is inserted like a tampon may be a good choice. It can also be washed and reused and when they lose their absorption it can be composted. Some women have also made reusable tampons, often pieces of knitted fabric or hooks that are rolled up and inserted into the vagina, and then washed, dried and reused. These alternatives are environmentally friendly because they can be reused, and in some cases compostable, so they contribute less waste to landfills.
Alternatives also include reusable absorbent clothing.
The Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm conducts lifecycle assessment (LCA) comparing the environmental impact of tampons and dressings. Their "cradle to burrow" assessments of the extraction stage of raw materials, transportation, production, use and waste management bring the three main impact categories into consideration: human health, ecosystem quality and resource use. They found that the major environmental impacts of these products were actually caused by processing of raw materials, especially LDPE (low density polyethelene) - or plastics used in support of tampon bearings and applicators, and cellulose production. Because this plastic production requires a lot of energy and creates durable waste, the main impact of the life cycle of these products is the use of fossil fuels, even though the waste generated is significant in itself.
See also
- Menstrual cloth pad
- Menstrual cups
- sanitary napkins
- Tamponade
References
External links
- Original patent by Dr. Earle Haas
- Tampon Related Patent (archived)
- The Quantified Vagina: This Startup Aims To Track Women's Health Through Smart Tampon
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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