Psyllium , or ispaghula , is a common name used for some members of the plant genus Plantago > seeds used commercially for mucus production.
Psyllium is mainly used as dietary fiber to reduce the symptoms of constipation and mild diarrhea and sometimes as a food thickener. Studies have shown a decrease in blood cholesterol levels in people with high cholesterol, and in people with type 2 diabetes, lower glucose levels.
The plants from which the seeds are extracted tolerate a dry and cold climate and are mainly cultivated in northern India. Psyllium products are marketed under several brand names, such as Pinch, Metamucil, Fybogel, Konsyl, Lunelax, and the Sat-Isabgol Brand Phone.
Video Psyllium
Usage
Constipation
Psyllium is mainly used as dietary fiber, which is not absorbed by the small intestine. The purely mechanical action of mucilage psyllium is to absorb excess water while stimulating normal bowel elimination. Although its main use has been as a laxative, it is more properly called the correct dietary fiber and thus can help reduce the symptoms of constipation and mild diarrhea. The psyllium laxative properties are associated with fibers that absorb water and then soften the stool. Nevertheless, increase bloating to some extent.
High blood cholesterol
Psyllium fibers are an effective and well tolerated part of a wise diet for the treatment of mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia, functioning by interfering with cholesterol absorption. In 1998, the US Food and Drug Administration approved a health claim for psyllium food as soluble fiber that would reduce the risk of heart disease. What is proven in clinical trials is that seven grams or more per day of soluble fiber from psyllium seed husk will simply lower total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in people with hypercholesterolemia, a biomarker accepted for the risk of coronary heart disease. None of the clinical trials are large enough or long enough to ensure that taking psyllium has the expected disease effect. The science available at the time was summarized in a review, and has since been confirmed in a meta-analysis that includes more evidence For dietary or dietary supplements for FDA-approved health claims should contain at least 1.7 grams of psyllium per serving. , that is, 25% of the amount specified as effective. Psyllium joins the whole grains, barley and sources of soluble beta-glucan fiber as feasible claims of reduced risk of prescribing coronary heart disease. European Food Safety Authority - responsible for reviewing health claims proposals for the EU - has no record of considering psyllium health claims for lipid management.
Diabetes type 2
In 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration approves Quality Health Claims (QHC) for psyllium that are beneficial for diabetics. Any company wishing to use QHC must use FDA-approved words on the label: "Psyllium husk may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, even though the FDA has concluded that there is very little scientific evidence for this claim." A meta-analysis published after an FDA decision reported that psyllium provided before meals improved fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin (HbA1c), but that a greater effect was seen in people diagnosed and treated for type 2 diabetes, and only modest improvement for people who are classified as pre-diabetic. The European Food Safety Authority - responsible for reviewing health claims proposals for the EU - has no record of considering psyllium health claims for glucose management.
Food
As a thickener, it has been used in ice cream and frozen desserts. A 1.5% weight/volume ratio of psyllium mucilage exhibits superior binding properties of a 10% weight/volume ratio of starch slime. The viscosity of the psyllium slime dispersion was relatively unaffected between temperature 20 and 50 Â ° C (68 and 122 Â ° F), by a pH of from 2 to 10 and by a salt concentration (sodium chloride) to 0.15 M. This physical property, together with its status as a natural food fiber, can lead to increased use of psyllium by the food processing industry.
Maps Psyllium
Adverse effects
- Fiber generally has some side effects.
- Psyllium can cause intestinal or bezoar obstruction.
- Gas or flatulence can also occur.
- Choking is a danger if psyllium is taken without enough water because it thickens in the throat.
Allergies
Psyllium can cause allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis. Psyllium can act as a potent inhalant allergen capable of producing asthma symptoms. Health care professionals in geriatric care hospitals, who are frequently exposed to psyllium in laxatives given to patients, are usually IgE sensitive to psyllium (13.8%), and 8.6% have clinical allergies to psyllium.
Action mechanism
The soluble fiber in psyllium is arabinoxylan polysaccharide, hemicellulose.
Psyllium is produced primarily for its mucus content. The term mucus describes a group of colorless gelling agents, derived from plants. The mucus obtained from psyllium comes from the seed shell. Mucilage is obtained by mechanical milling (ie grinding) from the outer layer of the seed. The production of mucus is about 25% (by weight) of total seed yield. Plantago seed mucus is often referred to as chaff, or psyllium skin. The mukmin seed being ground is a hydrophilic, white matter, which means that its molecular structure causes it to attract and bind to water. After absorbing water, the clear, colorless, mucilaginous gel that forms the volume increases tenfold or more.
Cultivation
The Plantago genus contains more than 200 species. P. ovata and P. psyllium are produced commercially in several European countries, the former Soviet Union and India. The Plantago seed, known commercially as black, French, or Spanish psyllium, is obtained from P. psyllium L., also known as P. arenaria . Seeds produced from P ovata are known in trade circles such as white or blond psyllium, Indian plantago, or isabgol. Isabgol, (or ispaghol in Pakistan) common name in India for P. ovata, derived from Persian words asp and gul , meaning "horse flower" , which describes the shape of the seed. India dominates the world market in the production and export of psyllium.
Plantago ovata is an annual plant that grows to a height of 30-46 cm (12-18 inches). Leaf opposite, linear or linear lanset 1 cm - 19 cm (0.39 inches at 7.48 inches). The root system has a well-developed tap root with little fibrous secondary roots. A large number of flowering buds emerged from the base of the plant. The flowers are many, small, and white. Flowering plants about 60 days after planting. Its seeds are flanked in capsules that open at maturity.
The fields are generally irrigated prior to seeding to achieve ideal soil moisture, to increase seed soil contact, and to avoid burying the seeds too deep as a result of irrigation or subsequent rainfall. Maximum germination occurs at 6 mm (1/4 inch) seeding depth. Seeds that appear are sensitive frost; Therefore, planting should be postponed until conditions are expected to remain ice-free. Seeds are broadcast at 5.5 to 8.25 kg/hectare (5 to 7.5 pounds/acre) in India. In Arizona experiments, seeding rates of 22-227.5 kg/ha (20 to 25 pounds/hectare) yielding 1 plant/25 mm (1 inch) stand in 15 cm (6 inches) yield excellent results. Weed control is usually achieved by one or two tapping at the beginning of the growing season. Weed control by pre-plant irrigation germination of seed weeds followed by shallow treatment may be effective in the field with minimal weed pressure. Psyllium is a poor competitor with most weed species.
Plantago wood ( Fusarium oxysporum ) and mildew fungus Peronospora alta is the main disease of Isabgol. The white grub and aphids are the main insect pests.
The nail flower turns reddish brown when ripe, the bottom leaves are dry and the top leaves are yellow. Plants are harvested in the morning after the dew is lost to minimize cracks and losses in the field. In India, the adult plant is cut 15 cm above the ground and then tied up, left for several days to be dried, threshed, and sifted.
Harvested seeds should be drained to below 12% moisture to allow cleaning, grinding, and storage. Seeds stored for future crops have shown significant loss in survival after 2 years in storage.
References
External links
- USDA Plant Profile: Plantago ovata Forsk.
- Information Network of NTA Germplasm Resource Information: Plantago ovata Forsk.
- ITIS Standards Report: Plantago ovata Forsk.
- National Health Institute (NIH) Medline Plus: Psyllium (Plantago ovata, Plantago isphagula)
- USDA Plant Profile: Plantago psyllium L.
- NTA Germplasm Resource Information Network: Plantago psyllium L. ( Plantago arenaria )
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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