Cremation is the combustion, vaporization, and oxidation of carcasses to basic chemical compounds, such as gases, ash and mineral fragments that maintain the appearance of shins. Cremation can serve as a funeral or post-funeral funeral as an intact burial corpse in a coffin or coffin. The remains of cremation (also known as "cremains" or "ashes" only), which are not a health risk, may be buried or buried in burial sites or graves, or they may be kept by relatives and scattered in various ways. Cremation is an alternative at funerals or other forms of disposal in funeral practices. Some families prefer to have people who die at funerals with cremation to follow; others prefer that cremation occurs before funeral or funeral ceremonies.
In many countries, cremation is usually done at the crematorium. Some countries, like India and Nepal, prefer different methods, such as cremation in the open air.
Video Cremation
History
Ancient
Cremation comes from at least 20,000 years ago in archaeological records, with Mungo Lady, the remains of a partially cremated body found on Lake Mungo, Australia.
Alternative mortality rituals that emphasize one method of body disposal - inhumation (burial), cremation, or exposure - have passed through a period of preference throughout history.
In the Middle East and Europe, burial and cremation are clearly seen in the archaeological records of Neolithic times. Cultural groups have their own preferences and restrictions. The ancient Egyptians developed an elaborate transmigration-of-soul theology, which prohibited cremation. It is also widely adopted by Semitic people. The Babylonians, according to Herodotus, embalmed their corpses. The early Persians practiced cremation, but this was banned during the Zoroastrian. Phoenicians practice cremation and funerals. From the Cycladic civilization in 3000 BC to the Sub-Mycenaean era in 1200-1100 BC, the Greeks practiced inhumation. Cremation emerged around the 12th century BC, which is a new funeral practice, possibly influenced by Anatolia. Until the Christian era, when inhumation again became the only burial practice, both burning and fattening had been practiced, depending on the era and location. The Romans practiced both, with cremation generally associated with military honor.
In Europe, there are traces of cremation from the Early Bronze Age (2000 BC) on the Pannonia Plain and along the central Danube. The custom became dominant throughout the Bronze Age of Europe with the Urnfield culture (from about 1300 BC). In the Iron Age, inhumation became more common, but cremation remained in the culture of Villanovan and elsewhere. Homer's account of Burroclus's burial describes cremation with subsequent burials in a tumulus, similar to Urnfield's burial, and qualifies as the earliest description of the cremation ceremony. This may be an anachronism, since during the Mycenaean burial period it is generally preferred, and Homer may have reflected the more common use of cremation at the time of the Iliad was written, centuries later.
Criticism of burial ceremonies is a common form of deviation by competing with religion and culture, including cremation associations with the sacrifice of fire or human sacrifice.
Hinduism and Jainism are notorious for not only allowing but determining cremation. Cremation in India was first demonstrated in the Cemetery H culture (from 1900 BC), regarded as the formative stage of Vedic civilization. Rgveda contains references to emerging practices, in RV 10.15.14, where the ancestors "both were cremated ( agnidagdhÃÆ'¡ - ) and not digested ( ÃÆ'¡nagnidagdha - )" called.
Cremation remains common but not universal, both in ancient Greece and ancient Rome. According to Cicero, in Rome, inhumasi is considered a more ancient ritual, while the most respected citizens are usually cremated - especially the upper classes and members of the imperial family.
The rise of Christianity ends cremation, influenced by its roots in Judaism, the belief in the resurrection of the body, and following the example of Christ's burial. Anthropologists have been able to track the progress of Christianity throughout Europe with the emergence of graves. In the fifth century, with the spread of Christianity, the practice of burning the body gradually disappeared from Europe.
In early Roman Britain, ordinary cremation but diminished in the 4th century. Then reappeared during the 5th and 6th centuries during the migration era, when animals that were sacrificed sometimes included with the human body in a pile of wood, and the deceased dressed in costumes and with ornaments for burning. The custom was also very widespread among the Germans on the continent of the northern continent where the Anglo-Saxon settlers should have been lowered, during the same period. The gray is usually after it is stored in a clay or bronze vessel in "grave jars". The custom returned to death with Christian conversion from Anglo-Saxon or Early English during the 7th century, when Christian funerals became common.
Medieval
Throughout Europe, cremation is forbidden by law, and can even be put to death when combined with the Heathen ceremony. Cremation is sometimes used by Catholic authorities as part of a penalty for Protestant heresy, which includes burning at stake. For example, John Wycliff's body was dug many years after his death and burned to ashes, with his ashes thrown into the river, explicitly as posthumous punishment for his rejection of the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation.
Modern era
The first to advocate for the use of cremation was the physician Sir Thomas Browne in 1658. Honoretta Brooks Pratt became the first European individual to be cremated in modern times when he died on September 26, 1769 and was illegally cremated in the cemetery grounds of Hanover Square in London.
The organized movement to restore cremation as a feasible method for bodily disposal began in the 1870s. In 1869, the idea was presented to Florence's International Medical Congress by Professor Coletti and Castiglioni "in the name of health and civilization of society". In 1873, Professor Paolo Gorini of Lodi and Professor Ludovico Brunetti of Padua published a report on the practical work they had done. A model of Brunetti's cremation device, together with the resulting ash, was exhibited at the Vienna Exposition in 1873 and attracted great attention, including Sir Henry Thompson, the 1st Baronet, surgeon and Doctor to Queen Victoria, who returned home to become the first promoter and major cremation in England.
The main reason Sir Henry Thompson to support cremation is that "it becomes necessary sanitary prevention against the spread of disease among the population every day growing larger in relation to the area it occupies". In addition, he believes, cremation will prevent premature burial, reduce funeral costs, reserve mourners need to stand exposed to the weather during the funeral, and the urn will be safe from vandalism. On January 13, 1874, some cremation supporters, including Anthony Trollope, John Everett Millais, George du Maurier, Thomas Spencer Wells, John Tenniel and Shirley Brooks, held a meeting at Thompson's home in London and officially founded the Cremation Society of Great Britain "... clearly for the purpose of obtaining and disseminating information about the subject and for adopting the best method of carrying out the process, as soon as this can be determined, provided that such action is not contrary to the Law."
The first task of the Cremation Society was to ascertain whether cremation could be done legally in the country, and then build the first crematorium. In 1878, Sir Henry Thompson bought a plot of land in Woking as a site for crematoriums. Professor Gorini was invited to visit Woking and oversee the establishment of the cremation apparatus there. They first tested it on March 17, 1879 by cremating a horse's body. However, Woking residents showed strong antipathy to the crematorium, and asked the Minister of the Interior, Sir Richard Cross, to ban the use of the building.
The legality of cremation arose through the eccentric activity of the Welsh Neo-Druidic priest, William Price. After his first child died in 1884 and believed that it was wrong to bury the corpse, thus polluting the earth, Price decided to cremate his son's body. He was arrested by police for illegally dumping the corpse. Prices are successfully debated in court that while the law does not state that cremation is legal, it also does not state that it is illegal. This case became a precedent which, together with the newly established Cremation Society of Great Britain activities, led to the 1902 Cremation Act. The law imposes procedural requirements before cremation can occur and limits the practice to authorized places.
In 1885, the first official cremation in England took place in Woking. The deceased was Mrs. Jeannette C. Pickersgill, a well-known figure in literary and scientific circles. By the end of the year, the British Cremation Society had supervised two more cremations, a total of 3 of the 597,357 deaths in Britain that year. In 1886 ten bodies were cremated in the Woking Crematorium. During 1888, in which 28 cremations took place, the Cremation Institute planned to provide chapels, waiting rooms, and other facilities there. In 1892 a crematorium opened in Manchester, followed by one in Glasgow in 1895, Liverpool in 1896 and the Birmingham Crematorium in 1903.
Crematoria in Europe was built in 1878 in the Gotha city of Germany and then in Heidelberg in 1891. The first modern cremation in the US was built in 1876 by Francis Julius LeMoyne after hearing about its use in Europe. During that time it was assumed that people were getting sick by attending the funerals of the recently deceased and the rotting body was leaking into the water system. LeMoyne built a crematorium to cremate the body in a controlled environment especially for hygiene reasons. Cremation is used to destroy any organic matter that can cause illness and give the family a better way to retain ash. Before the LeMoyne crematorium closed in 1901, he had committed 42 cremations.
Some of the Protestant churches came to receive the cremation, arguing, "God can awaken a bowl of ashes as simply as he can raise a bowl of dust." 1908 The Catholic Encyclopedia is very critical of these efforts, referring to them as "evil movements" and connecting them with Freemasonry, although it is said that "no one directly opposes any dogma of the Church in the practice of cremation." In 1963, [in the Second Vatican Council] Pope Paul VI lifted the ban on cremation, and in 1966 enabled the Catholic priests to lead the cremation ceremony.
In the US only about one crematorium per year was built in the late 19th century. When embalming becomes more acceptable and widely used, crematories lose their sanitizing power. Not to forget, crematories have an idea to make a beautiful cremation. They started building crematoriums with glass windows and marble floors with fresco walls. In 2008, the cremation rate was 36.2% and grew about 1 percentage point per year, according to CANA. CANA is the largest organization representing crematoriums and funeral homes in the US and Canada.
Australia also began to build modern cremation movements and communities. The Australians have the first crematorium and modern chapel built at the West Terrace Cemetery in the South Adelaide capital of 1901. This small building, which resembles a building in Woking, remains largely unchanged from the style of the 19th century and fully operational until the late 1950s, an. The oldest operating crematorium in Australia is at Rookwood Cemetery, in Sydney. Opened in 1925.
In the Netherlands, the basis of the Association for Optional Cremation in 1874 led to a long debate about the benefits and losses of cremation. The law against cremation was challenged and annulled in 1915 (two years after the construction of the first crematorium in the Netherlands), although cremation was not legally recognized until 1955.
Maps Cremation
World War II
During World War II (1939-45) Nazi Germany used a special stove built in at least six extermination camps throughout the occupied Poland region including in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Che? Mno, Belzec, Majdanek, Sobibor and Treblinka, where the bodies of those killed by gassing are thrown away using incineration. The efficiency of industrialized killings during Operation Reinhard during the deadliest phase of the Holocaust resulted in too many corpses, therefore crematoriums made for SS specifications were put into use in all of them to handle disposal all the time. , day and night. The Vrba-Wetzler report offers the following description.
There are currently four crematoriums operating at B IRKENAU , two large ones, I and II, and two smaller, III and IV. They type I and II consist of 3 parts, namely: (A) furnace chamber; (B) large room; and (c) gas chamber. The large chimney rises from the furnace room around which are grouped nine stoves, each having four openings. Each opening can take three normal corpses at once and after one and a half hours the body is completely burned. This corresponds to the daily capacity of about 2,000 bodies... Crematoria III and IV work on almost the same principle, but their capacity is only half that. Thus the total capacity of the four plants to cremate and siphon off the gas at B IRKENAU is about 6,000 every day.
The Holocaust furnace is supplied by a number of producers, with the most famous and most common being Topf and Sons and Kori Company of Berlin, whose ovens extend to accommodate two bodies, sliding inward from the back side. Ash is taken out from the front side. Furnaces are also unique, because they are a "stand-alone" type, which means no visible channels for exhaust gases. These stoves, which are based around the design commonly used for hospital incinerators, are merely gasping down through a series of embedded channels on the floor, with the help of a fan located at the far end of the structure. Once outside, the gases then rise through the free-standing chimney, which is most prominent due to the fact that it is not directly attached to the structure of the building itself, nor does it have a visible channel leading into it.
Modern cremation process
Cremation occurs in a cremator located within a crematorium and consists of one or more furnaces. The cremator is an industrial furnace capable of producing a temperature of 870-980 ° C (1,600-1,800 ° F) to ensure disintegration of the corpse. The crematorium may be part of a chapel or funeral home or perhaps an independent facility or service offered by the cemetery.
Modern fuel cremators include oil, natural gas, propane, and, in some areas such as Hong Kong, coal gas. However, coal and coke were used until the early 1960s.
Modern cremators automatically monitor their interiors to find out when the cremation process is complete. The time required for cremation varies from body to body, and, in modern furnaces, the process may be as fast as one hour per 50Ã, kg (100 lb) body weight.
The cremator is not designed to cremate more than one human body at a time; cremation of some bodies is generally illegal in the United States and many other countries, although exceptions may be made for (for example) twins born, or infants and mothers who die in childbirth.
The space in which the body is placed is called retort and is coated with a heat resistant refractory brick. Refractory bricks are designed in several layers. The outermost layer is usually just an insulating material, for example. , mineral wool. In it is usually a layer of insulating bricks, mostly calcium silicate in nature. Heavy duty cremators are usually designed with two layers of fire bricks inside the insulating layer. The layer of fire bricks that come into contact with the combustion process protects the outer layer and must be replaced from time to time. The coffin or container is inserted (charged) into the retort as quickly as possible to avoid heat loss through the top door. The container can be mounted on a charger (motorized trolley) that can quickly enter it, or on a fixed or moving carriage that allows the container to slide into the cremator.
Some crematoriums allow relatives to see charging. This is sometimes done for religious reasons, such as traditional Hindu and Jain cemeteries.
In some countries including the United States, there is an increase in the use of alkaline hydrolysis process, trademarked as "Resomasi , which involves the use of heated alkali at high pressure, enabling the body to be broken down into its chemical compounds. Cremator not used. This process is described by its discoverers as being more ecologically advantageous than any other form of cremation.
Fill container
In the United States, federal law does not dictate the terms of the container for cremation. However, certain countries may require non-transparent or non-transparent containers of all cremations. This can be a simple corrugated carton box or wooden casket (coffin). Most of the crate manufacturers provide a line of crates specially made for cremation. Another option is a cardboard box that fits inside a wooden shell, designed to look like a traditional coffin. After the funeral, the box was removed from the shell before cremation, allowing the shell to be reused. Funeral homes can also offer rented coffins, which are traditional coffins that are only used during service, after which the corpses are moved to another container for cremation. Rented caskets are sometimes designed with detachable beds and liners, which are replaced after each use.
In England, the body is not removed from the coffin and is not placed into the container as described above. The body is cremated with a coffin, which is why all the English coffins to be used for cremation should be flammable. The Cremation Practice Code prohibits the opening of the coffin upon arriving at the crematorium, and the rule provides that the crematorium should be cremated within 72 hours of the funeral. Therefore, in Britain, the corpses are cremated in the same coffin as those placed in the company, although the rules allow the use of "cover" which is approved during the funeral. It is recommended that jewelry be removed before the coffin is sealed, for this reason. When the cremation is complete, the remnants are passed through a magnetic field to remove any metal, which will be buried elsewhere in the crematorium or, increasingly, recycled. The ashes are then given to relatives or loved ones or dispersed at the crematorium where the facility exists.
In Germany, the process is almost the same as in England. The body was cremated in a coffin. A piece of clay of fire with a number above it is used to identify the remains of a corpse after it burns. Remnants are then placed in a container called capsule ash , which is generally incorporated into the cinerary jar.
In Australia, the deceased was cremated in a coffin provided by the board. Reusable paper crates or cardboard became popular, with some manufacturers now supplying it. For a low cost, crate, regular particle board (known in trade as "chippie") can be used. The handle (if installed) is made of plastic and approved for use in the cremator. The coffin varies from natural cardboard and unfinished particle board (covered with velvet if there is service) for solid wood; most of the veneer particle board.
Cremation can be "delivery only", with no previous chapel service in the crematorium (although church services may have been held) or preceded by a service in one of the crematorium chapels. Delivery only allows crematoriums to schedule cremations to utilize the best crematories, possibly by holding the overnight body in the refrigerator, allowing a lower cost to be filled. Shipping-only sometimes called western chapel services in industrial jargon.
Burning and ash collection
The box containing the body is placed in the retort and burned at a temperature of 760-1150 ° C (1400 ° to 2100 ° F). During the cremation process, larger body parts (especially organs and other soft tissues) are evaporated and oxidized by intense heat; the released gas is discharged through the exhaust system. This process usually takes 90 minutes to two hours, with a larger body takes longer.
Jewelry, such as necklaces, watches and rings, usually removed before cremation, and returned to the family. Some embedded devices must be removed. Pacemakers and other medical devices can cause very large and dangerous explosions.
Contrary to popular belief, the cremated remains are not ash in the usual sense. After incineration is complete, the bone fragments are swept out of the retort and destroyed by a machine called Cremulator - essentially high-speed and high-speed blenders - to process them into "ash" or "permanent cremation", although pulverization also can be done by hand. It leaves bones with fine sand like texture and color, can be dispersed without the need to mix with foreign objects, although the grain size varies depending on the cremulator used. Their average weight is 2.4 kg for adult humans, while the mean body weight for adult men is about 1 kg higher than for adult females. There are different types of Cremulators, including rotary devices, grinders, and old models using heavy metal balls.
The grinding process usually takes about 20 minutes.
In East Asian countries such as Japan, China, or Taiwan, the bones are not crushed unless requested beforehand. When not refined, bones are collected by the family and stored as done with ash.
The appearance of remnants cremated after milling is one of the reasons they are called ash , although non-technical terms sometimes used are "cremains", a portmanteau "cremated" and "fixed". (The North American Cremation Association prefers that the word "cremains" is not used to refer to "the remains of human cremation." The reason given is that "cremains" are deemed less related to the deceased, while loved ones are "cremated nonetheless" which is more identifiable.)
After the last milling, the ash is placed in a container, which can be anything from simple cardboard boxes to decorative jars. The default container used by most crematoriums, when none of the more expensive ones have been selected, usually a hinged plastic box is snap-locking.
The unavoidable consequence of cremation is that a small residue of the remains of the body is left in the room after cremation and mixes with the next cremation.
The weight and composition of Ash
The remains of cremation are mostly dry calcium phosphates with small minerals, such as sodium and potassium salts. Sulfur and most of the carbon is driven as an oxidized gas during the process, although small amounts of carbon can remain as carbonates.
The residual ash represents approximately 3.5% of the body's original mass (2.5% in children). Because the weight of the shin bone is closely related to skeletal mass, their weight varies greatly from person to person. Since many changes in the body composition (such as fat loss or muscle strengthening) do not affect the weight of cremation remains, the residual weight can be predicted closer to the height and sex of a person (who predicts skeletal weight), predictable from one's simple weight.
Adult ashes can be said to weigh from 876 g to 3784 g, with women's ashes generally weighing under 2750 g and male ash generally weighing over 1887 g.
Not all that remains is bone. There may be melted metal clumps of unanswered jewelry; coffin furniture; dental fillings; and surgical implants, such as hip replacement. Breast implants should not be removed before cremation. Some medical devices such as pacemakers may need to be removed before cremation to avoid the risk of explosion. Large items such as titanium hip replacements (which are tarnish but not melted) or casing hinges are usually removed before being processed, as they may damage the processor. (If they skip at first, they end up having to be removed before processing is finished, since items such as replacement of titanium joints are too durable for grinding). Implants can be returned to the family, but more often sold as scrap iron/non-iron. Once the remains are processed, smaller metal pieces such as tooth fillings, and rings (commonly known as gleanings) are filtered out and may subsequently be buried in general, sanctified soil in remote areas of the cemetery.. They can also be sold as precious metal scrap.
Method of defending or removing cremation remnants
Remnants of cremation are returned to their immediate family in different ways according to customs and country. In the United States, the remains of cremation are almost always contained in a thick, waterproof polyethylene plastic bag contained in a rectangular rectangular plastic box, labeled with printed paper labels. Closed plastic closed bags may be contained in cardboard boxes or velvet sacks further, or they may be contained in an urn if the family has purchased it. An official cremation certificate prepared under the crematorium authority accompanies the body, and if required by law, permits to dispose of human remains, which must remain with the remains of cremation.
Remnants of cremation can be stored in an urn, kept in a special warning building (columbarium), buried in the ground in many locations or sprinkled on special fields, mountains, or at sea. In addition, there are some services where the remnants of cremation will be scattered in various ways and locations. Some examples are through helium balloons, through fireworks, shots from a rifle shell, by boat or scattered from an airplane. One service sent a sample of lipstick-sized tubes from cremated remains to low Earth orbit, where they remained for years (but not always) before reentering the atmosphere. Some companies offer services to convert parts of the remaining cremation into synthetic diamond which can then be made into jewelry. The remains of cremation can also be included, with urn and cement, being part of artificial corals, or they can also be mixed into paint and made into portraits of the deceased. Some people use a bit of tattoo ink left, to commemorate the portrait. Remnants of cremation can be dispersed in national parks in the United States with special permission. They may also be scattered on private property with permission from the owner. Some of the remains of cremation can be stored in specially designed pendants known as cremation jewelry, or even blown into special glass memorials and glass balls. The remains of cremation can also be buried. Most burials will grant permission to burial the remains of cremation in funeral plots that have been bought or used by families who throw away the remains of cremation without additional fees or supervision.
Concerns have arisen in the amount of ash spread over Snowdon peaks, as they alter the nature of the soil, and may affect ecology.
The final division depends on the personal preference of the deceased as well as their cultural and religious beliefs. Some religions will allow the remnants of cremation to be sown or kept at home. Some religions, like Roman Catholics, prefer to bury or bury their bodies. Hinduism requires the closest brothers (sons, grandchildren, etc.) of the deceased to immerse the remnants of the cremation in the holy river Ganges, preferably in the holy city of Triveni Sangam, Allahabad, or Varanasi or Haridwar, India. Sikhs drowned bodies in Sutlej, usually in Sri Harkiratpur. In southern India, the ashes are soaked in the Kaveri river in Paschima vahini in Srirangapattana on a stretch of the river flowing from east to west, portraying human life from sunrise to sunset. In Japan and Taiwan, the remaining bone fragments were given to the family and used in funeral rites before the last funeral.
Reasons for cremation
In addition to religious reasons (discussed below), some people feel they prefer cremation rather than traditional funerals for personal reasons. The thinking of the old and slow decomposition process does not appeal to some people; many people find that they prefer cremation because of instant body disposal.
Others see cremation as a way of simplifying their funeral process. These people saw the burial of the land as an unnecessary complication of their funeral process, and thus chose cremation to make their services as simple as possible. Cremation is a simpler disposition method to plan than a funeral. This is because with funeral funerals you have to plan more transportation services for the body as well as embalming and other body preservation methods. With funeral funerals, you also need to buy coffins, gravestones, graves, opening and closing cemetery fees, and mortgage fees. The cremation cemetery only requires planning of transporting the body to a crematorium, cremation, and cremation jug.
In agriculture-dependent India, it is believed to be early enough that the bodies that intersect to rot on the ground can make the soil infertile. This is why cremation was initially favored, even before it was introduced to Rgveda.
The cost factors tend to make cremation attractive. In general, cremation is cheaper than traditional funeral services, especially if cremation is directly selected, where the body is cremated as quickly as possible legally without any service. However, for some even cremation is still relatively expensive, especially since a lot of fuel is required to do so. Methods to reduce fuel consumption/fuel costs include the use of different fuels (ie natural gas or propane, compared to wood) and by using incinerators (retorts) (closed cabins) rather than open fires.
For surviving relatives, cremation is preferred because of its simple portability. Refugees moving to cities or other countries have the option of transporting the remains of their loved ones with the ultimate aim of being buried or shared.
The remains of cremation can be scattered or buried. Cremation plots or columbarium niches are usually cheaper than traditional graves or mausoleum tombs, and require less space. Some religions, such as Roman Catholics, require burial or tombs from the remains of cremation, but the burial of cremation bodies may often be done in other people's cemeteries, such as family members, at no additional cost. This option is charged to the UK in an Anglican church where fees are set by the Parish Fees Table (Ã, Â £ 36 for incumbent and Ã, Â £ 78 to the church board) total Ã, Â £ 114 in 2010 with markers imposed as additional. It is also very common to spread remnants where the deceased likes - such as seas, rivers, beaches, parks, or mountains, following their last will. These are generally prohibited in public places but are easy to do. Some people choose to have a small portion of their ashes (usually less than 1 part in 1000, due to cost constraints) spread across the sky (known as burial chambers and offered by companies like Elysium Space, Celestis and Ascending Memories). The remains of cremation can now also be converted into diamonds.
Environmental impact
Cremation may be better for environmental reasons. The cemetery is a well-known source of certain environmental contaminants, with the crate itself being the main contaminant; however, in some countries, such as the UK, the law now requires that cremators be equipped with a filtering apparatus that removes serious pollutants such as mercury.
Each cremation uses about 110 liters of fuel and releases about 240 kg of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Thus, about 1 million bodies are cremated each year in the United States producing about 240,000 tons of carbon dioxide. That's more CO 2 pollution than the 22,000 average American homes produce in a year. The environmental impact can be reduced by using a cremator for a longer time, and not cremate on the same day as the accepted coffin, which reduces the use of fossil fuels and hence carbon emissions. Cremation is therefore more environmentally friendly although natural funerals are also possible. Some funeral and crematorium owners offer a carbon neutral funeral service that combines efficient combustion coffins made from lightweight recycled composite boards.
Another environmental concern is that traditional cemeteries require a lot of space. In traditional burial, the body is buried in a crate made of various materials. In the United States, coffins are often placed in safes or concrete vessels before being buried in the ground. Although individually it does not require much space, combined with other funerals, it can cause serious space problems. Many graves, especially in Japan and Europe as well as in the big cities, have run out of permanent space. In Tokyo, for example, traditional burial plots are very rare and expensive, and in London, the space crisis makes Harriet Harman proposes to reopen old graves for "double-decker" cemeteries.
Some German cities have no land for sale, just for rent. When the lease expires, the disinterred remains and bundle specialists bundle, inscribes the forehead of the skull with the information on the headstone, and the remaining places in the special dungeon.
Religious view
Christianity
In Christian countries and cultures, cremation has historically been underestimated, but now in many denominations it is accepted.
Catholicism
Christians preferred to bury the dead rather than cremate their bodies, as was common in Roman culture. Roman catacombs and saint worship of saints witnessed this preference. For them, the body is not a mere container for a spirit that is a real person, but an integral part of the human person. They view the body as sanctified by the sacrament and themselves are the temple of the Holy Spirit, and thus need to be thrown away in that respectful and worshiping way, and they see much of the early practice involved with the disposal of bodies as kafirs in origin or contempt of the body.
The idea that cremation could disrupt God's ability to revive the body was denied as early as the 2nd century Octavius ​​Minucius Felix, where he said: "Every body, whether it dries to dust, or dissolved into dampness, or compressed into ashes, or attenuated into smoke, withdrawn from us, but reserved for God in the custody of elements.Also, as you believe, we are afraid of losing anything from death, but we adopt an ancient custom and better than burying the earth. "And despite the obvious preference for burial, there is no general Church law that prohibits cremation until 1866. Even in medieval Europe, cremation is practiced in situations where there are many bodies simultaneously present, such as after the battle, after an outbreak of sickness or famine, and where there is fear of a disease spreading from the corpse, due to the burial of the individual by digging the grave an will take too long and the body decomposition will begin before all the corpses are buried.
Beginning in the Middle Ages, and even later in the 18th century and later, rationalists and classists began advocating cremation again as a statement denying the resurrection and/or afterlife, even though the pro-cremation movement was more frequent than ignoring the address and denying the theological concern about cremation in their works. Sentiments in the Catholic Church against cremation became violent in the face of cremation associations with "recognized enemies of God." While some Masonic groups advocated cremation as a way of rejecting Christian belief in the resurrection, the Holy See forbade Catholics to cremate in 1886. The 1917 Canon Act incorporated this prohibition, but in 1963 admitted that, in general, cremation was moderate sought for practical purposes and not as a rejection of bodily resurrection, the choice of cremation is permissible under most circumstances. The current 1983 Kanonic Law states: "The Church sincerely recommends pious burial customs preserved, but it does not prohibit cremation, unless it is chosen for reasons contrary to Christianity."
There are no universal rules governing Catholic funeral ceremonies in relation to cremation, but episcopal conferences have established rules for various countries. Of this number, perhaps the most complex is established, with the necessary confirmation of the Holy See, by the Conference of the Catholic Bishops of the United States and published as Appendix II of the United States edition of the <
Although the Holy See in some cases permits the bishop to grant permission for a funeral to be performed in the presence of the remains of cremation, it is preferable that the ceremony be performed before the cremation, in the presence of a still intact body. Practices that show inadequate respect for the ashes of the dead such as turning them into jewelry or spreading them are forbidden to Catholics.
Anglicanism and Lutheranism
In 1917, Volume 6 of the American Lutheran Survey stated that "the Lutheran pastor refuses" and that "Episcopal priests often take a stand against it." Indeed, in the 1870s, the Anglican bishop of London declared that the practice of cremation would "undermine the faith of mankind in the doctrine of the resurrection of the body, and thus bring about the most disastrous social revolution." In Lutheran pastor George Henry Gerberding states:
Third. Like for cremation. This is not a biblical or Christian way of dumping the dead. The Old and New Testaments agree and take for granted that when the body is taken originally from the earth, it is to return to earth again. Burial is a natural and Christian way. There is a beautiful symbolism in it. The whole term eschatology presupposes it. Pure cremation is disbelief. It was a practice among the Greeks and Romans. The Hindoos mass threw them to death. It does not respect the body, is meant for the temple of the Holy Spirit and to bear the image of God. This is a dangerous denial of the doctrine of the resurrection.
However, Protestant churches welcomed the use of cremation on much earlier dates than the Catholic Church; However, the pro-cremation sentiment is not unanimous among Protestants. The first crematorium in Protestant countries was built in the 1870s, and in 1908, the Dean and Chapter Westminster Abbey - one of the most famous Anglican churches - needed to be still cremated to be buried in the area of ​​the monastery. Today, "scattered", or "scattered," is an acceptable practice in many Protestant denominations, and some churches have their own "zikr garden" on their land where the remains can be scattered. Other groups also support cremation. Some denominations, such as Lutheran churches in Scandinavia, support jars buried in family graves. Family graves can contain many generations and also jars of spouses and loved ones.
Methodism
An early Methodist tract entitled Immortality and Awakening notes that "burial is the result of a belief in the resurrection of the body, while cremation anticipates its destruction." The Methodist Review notes that "Three thoughts alone will lead us to assume that the early Christians will have special attention to their death, that is, the important Jewish origins of the Church, the mode of burial of their founder" And the doctrine of the resurrection of the body, so strongly driven by the apostles, and so strongly influenced the primitive Christians. From these considerations, the cremation habits of the Romans would be very repugnant to the Christian mind. "
Eastern Orthodox and others that prohibit cremation
On the other hand, some branches of Christianity are opposed to cremation, including some Protestant and Orthodox minorities. Most notably, Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches forbid cremation, as a habit, but not dogmatically. Exceptions are made for circumstances where it is impossible to avoid (when the civil authority demands it, or the epidemic) or if it may be sought for good cause, but when cremation is deliberately chosen for no good reason by the deceased, he or she is not permitted to perform a church funeral and may also be permanently excluded from liturgical prayers for the dead. In Orthodoxy, cremation is considered by some to reject the dogma of general resurrection.
The Church of God (Restoration) also forbids the practice of cremation, believing it as a pagan practice.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) has, in the last decades, been discouraged to ban cremation without explicitly forbidding it. In the 1950s, for example, Apostle Bruce R. McConkie wrote that "only under the most extraordinary and unusual circumstances" would be cremation consistent with LDS teachings.
However, more new LDS publications have given clues to how the deceased dressed when they had received their temple wakaf (and thus wore temple clothing) before cremation for those who wanted to do so, or in countries where the law required cremation. Unless otherwise required by law, the family of the deceased may decide whether the body should be cremated, although the Church "usually does not encourage cremation."
Hindu, Buddhist, Sikh and other Indian religions
Religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism do cremation. The founder of Buddhism, Buddha Shakyamuni, was cremated. For the cremated Buddhist spiritual teacher, one of the results of cremation is the formation of Buddhist heritage.
A dead adult Hindu mourns with cremation, while a dead child is usually buried. The rite of passage is done in harmony with the Hindu worldview that the microcosm of all living things is a reflection of the macrocosm of the universe. The soul (Atman, Brahman) is the essence and eternal being released at Antyeshti's ritual, but the body and the universe are vehicles and temporary in various Hindu schools. They consist of five elements - air, water, fire, earth and space. The last transitional rite restores the body to the five elements and origins. The root of this belief is found in the Vedas, for example in the Rveda spiritual chant in section 10.16, as follows,
The last ritual, in the case of a child's early death, is usually not cremation but burial. It is rooted in the section of Rig Veda 10.18, where the hymn singing mourns the death of the child, praying to the god Mrityu to "not harm our daughters or our sons", and invoke the earth to cover up, protecting the dead child as soft wool.
- Sati
The act of sati refers to a funeral ritual in which a widow woman commits suicide at the burning of her husband's funeral. While the mention of self-immolation by one of several wives of an Indian king is found in the Greek text in India, along with self-immolation by widows in Russia near the Volga, Thracian tribes in Southeastern Europe, and some Tonga and Fiji Islands, ancient texts do not mention this practice. It is rare to mention that the cremation in the aristocratic circle appears in the text dated before the 9th century, in which the king's widow has the option of burning with him or abstaining. Ancient Hindu texts do not mention Sati; the early medieval texts forbade it, while the medieval texts of the 10th century partially justified and criticized the practice. The practice of sati, growing after 1000 CE, became a very important practice by Hindus in India during the Islamic conquest war in South Asia.
This practice was made illegal in 1829 during the British colonial rule in India. After gaining independence from the British colonial era, India issued a series of supplementary laws. The India Sati Prevention Act of 1988 further criminalizes all types of assistance, conspires, and glorifies sati . In modern India, the last known case of Sati was in 1987, by Roop Kanwar in Rajasthan. His action was found to be suicide, and it led to the arrest and prosecution of people for failing to act and prevent him from committing suicide during the cremation of her husband.
Bali, Indonesia
The Balinese Hindus are generally buried in containers for a certain period of time, which may exceed one month or more, so the cremation ceremony (Ngaben) can occur on a good day in the Bali-Java Calendar system ("Saka"). In addition, if the deceased were court employees, court members or small nobles, cremation could be postponed for several years to coincide with the cremation of their Prince. Balinese burial is very expensive and the body can be buried until the family can buy it or until there is a group funeral planned by the village or family when the cost will be reduced. The purpose of burying a corpse is to process the decay to consume the liquid from the corpse, allowing for easier, faster and more complete cremation.
Islam
Islam firmly forbids cremation. Islam has a special ritual for body care after death.
Judaism
Judaism has traditionally disagreed with cremations in the past (it is the traditional way of dumping the dead in neighboring Bronze Age culture). He also disapproved of the conservation of the dead by embalming and mummification, the practice of the ancient Egyptians.
Through history and to the philosophical movements of the modern age, the Orthodox Modern, Orthodox, Haredi, and Hasidist movements within Judaism have maintained a strictly biblical line against cremation, and disagreed with it as Halakha (the Jewish law) forbade it. This halakhic concern is based on the enforcement of the resurrection of the body as the core belief of traditional Judaism, as opposed to other ancient trends such as Sadduccees, which deny it and the clear words of the Torah in Deuteronomy 21:23 "Bury, you shall bury it on a day because the (unburied body) is the curse of God "with the two positive commands that are derived from this verse to command someone to bury the corpse and the negative order prohibits the burial of the dead body. Some of the liberal Conservative Jews are generally also opposed to cremation, some very strong.
During the 19th and early 20th centuries, when Jewish cemeteries in many European cities had become crowded and running out of space, in some cases cremations for the first time became a recognized means of exile within the emerging liberal and emerging Jewish Reform movement. in line with their rejection of the whole council against traditional ritual law of Torah which has a mandatory position. The current liberal movement like Reform Judaism still supports cremation, although burial remains the preferred choice.
In Israel, where religious rituals include free funerals and funerals for all those who died in Israel and all citizens including the majority of the Jewish population including secular or non-jealous are almost universally facilitated through Israeli Rabinism which is an Orthodox organization that follows the law Traditional Jews, there was no formal crematorium until 2004 when B & L Cremation Systems Inc. became the first crematorium producer to sell retorts to Israel. In August 2007, an orthodox youth group in Israel was accused of burning the country's sole crematorium. The crematorium was rebuilt in a few weeks by its owner Aley Shalechet and his retort was replaced. Since the incident, cremation has occurred in Israel without interruption.
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Baha'i
Baha'i's faith forbids cremation, "He feels that, given what is said" Abdu'l-BahÃÆ'¡ against cremation, believers must be greatly urged, as an act of faith, to make provision for their remnants cremated "BahÃÆ'¡ 'u'llÃÆ'¡h has been established as a law, in Aqdas, the way of the Bahá''á funeral, and it is so beautiful, appropriate and dignified, that no believer has to eliminate himself. "
Zoroastrianism
Traditionally, Zoroastrianism denies cremation or burial to prevent pollution of fire or earth. The traditional method of corpse removal is through ritual exposure in the "Tower of Silence", but funerals and cremations are an increasingly popular alternative. Some contemporary religions have chosen to be cremated. The Persian-Zoroastrian Persian singer Freddie Mercury was cremated after his death.
China
Neo-Confucianism under Zhu Xi strongly forbids the cremation of a parent's corpse as unfilial. Han Chinese traditionally practiced burials and saw cremation as a taboo and as a barbaric practice.
Traditionally, only Buddhist monks in China exclusively cremate because ordinary Chinese hate cremation, and refuse to do so. But now, the atheist Communist party imposed a strict cremation policy on Han Chinese. However, exceptions were made for Hui who did not cremate their deaths due to Islamic beliefs.
Minorities of Jurchen and their Manchu descendants initially cremated as part of their culture. They adopted the practice of burial from Han, but many Manchus continue to cremate their deaths.
Pet cremation
Cremation pet is practiced internationally. In Japan, more than 465 companion animal shrines operate. These places hold funerals and rituals for lost pets. In Australia, pet owners can purchase services to have their counterparts cremated and placed in a pet cemetery or taken home.
The cost of cremation of a pet depends on the location, the cremation site, and the cremation time. Cost of American Humane Society for cremation 22.5 kg (50 pounds). or less pet is $ 110 while 23 kg (51 pounds). or more than $ 145. Remnants of cremation are available to owners for collection within seven to ten business days. Jars for companion animals range from $ 50 to $ 150.
Controversial case in recent history
Tri-State Crematori Incident
In early 2002, 334 bodies that should have been cremated in the previous years at Tri-State Crematory were found intact and decayed at the bottom of a crematorium in the US state of Georgia, which had been dumped there by the crematorium owners. Many corpses are rotting out of identification. Some families receive "ashes" made of wood and concrete dust.
Operator Ray Brent Marsh has 787 criminal charges filed against him. On November 19, 2004, Marsh pleaded guilty to all charges. Marsh was sentenced to two 12-year prison terms, one each from Georgia and Tennessee, to be served simultaneously; he was also sentenced to 75 years of probation after his detention.
Civil clothing was brought against the Marsh family and a number of funeral homes that sent corpses to Tri-State; this setting is finally completed. The Marsh family property has been sold, but the collection of a $ 80 million verdict is entirely in doubt. The family has expressed a desire to restore the previous Tri-State crematorium to a natural environment, such as a park.
Indian Ocean Tsunami
The Indian Ocean Earthquake 9.0-9.3 2004 triggered a series of deadly tsunamis on December 26, 2004 that killed nearly 300,000 people, making them the deadliest tsunami in recorded history. The tsunami destroyed people in an area ranging from areas around the earthquake in Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Thailand and the northwest coast of Malaysia), up to thousands of kilometers away in the Indian subcontinent (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Maldives), the Horn of Africa (Somalia ), and the Great Lakes of Africa (Kenya and Tanzania).
Authorities have difficulty dealing with large numbers of corpses, and as a result, thousands of corpses are cremated together due to fears that a decaying body will cause illness. Many of these corpses were not identified or seen by relatives before being cremated. A particular point of objection is that the Western body is kept separate from the people of Asian descent, who are mostly locals. This means that tourist bodies from other Asian countries, such as Japan and South Korea, were massively cremated, rather than being returned to their home country for funerals.
Rates
Cremation rates vary across countries with Japan reporting a 99% cremation rate while Poland reported a rate of 6.7% in 2008. Cremation rates in the UK have risen steadily with the national average rate increasing from 34.70% in 1960 to 75, 44% by 2015. According to the Association of National Funeral Directors the cremation rate in the United States in 2016 is 50.2 percent and is expected to increase to 63.8 percent by 2025 and 78.8 percent by 2035.
See also
References
- This article incorporates text from China revolutionized, by John Stuart Thomson, a publication from 1913 that is now in the public domain of the United States.
External links
- International Cremation Federation (ICF)
- Green cremation equipment
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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