Onychectomy , known as declawing , is an operation to lift the animal's paw through surgery by amputation of all or part of the distal phalanges, or the end bone, of the animal's toes. Because the claws develop from the germinal tissue in the third phalanx, bone amputation is needed to lift the claws completely. The term "onychectomy" (origin: Greek ???? onycho , nails ???? ectome , excision) and "declawing" implies the removal of paws, but descriptions the more precise is the phalangectomy, the excision of the leg bone.
Although common in North America, it is considered an act of animal cruelty in many countries (see "Practice banning" below).
Video Onychectomy
Medically indicates onikektomi
Distal phalanx amputation is indicated in cases of chronic inflammatory processes, tumors, persistent and severe infections and gangrene confined to the distal phalanx. This procedure is usually limited to the affected claws, leaving the healthy claws (if any) intact.
Maps Onychectomy
Choice of onikektomi
In North America, statements are common to cats to prevent damage to household items by scratching and preventing people's scratches. Surgery involves amputating the distal phalanx of all the toes on the front paws, and occasionally the rear paws as well. Although no exact figure is available, veterinary journal articles reviewed by colleagues estimate that about 25% of domestic cats in North America have been declared dead. Some private-owned apartment buildings in the United States ban cats unless they have been revoked. This is not the case in public subsidized housing, however, because in 2007 the US Congress passed a law prohibiting public housing authorities to have such rules. The law has been passed in California (2012) and Rhode Island (2013) which prohibits landlords requiring cats that declare it as a residential condition.
Some North American veterinarians hold the position that people with weakened immune systems, because of conditions like AIDS, should have their cat declare themselves to prevent health risks for themselves. The US Centers for Disease Control confirms states as an option, but recognizes controversy and offers alternatives to avoid situations where scratches may occur. Similarly, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) suggests avoiding rough play. As a precaution, Familydoctor.org suggests people should avoid provoking cats to scratch them.
Method
Despite the prevalence of elective onychectomy in North America, there is no standard practice regarding surgical techniques or surgical instruments used, post-operative analgesic administration or other advanced care, or optimal age or other attributes of cats undergoing the procedure. There are three surgical methods: scalpel blades, guillotine trimmers, and lasers.
Recovery, health and behavioral effects
Onychectomy is an orthopedic surgery involving 1 (or more) separate phalangeal amputations, requiring general anesthesia and management of multi-modal pain before, during, and after surgery.
In a survey of 276 cat owners, 34% reported a postoperative discomfort in their cats, while 78% reported mainly tenderness. Recovery time starts from three days to two weeks. Increased strength or frequency of biting is reported in 4% of cats, but overall, 96% of owners are satisfied with the operation. Several other studies found inequality after onychectomy lasted & gt; 3 days, & gt; 1 week, 8 days, & gt; 12 days, 180 days, and 96 months.
In one veterinary education hospital, between 50 and 80% of cats have one or more postoperative medical complications; 19.8% develop complications after release. Other studies have reported rates of post-operative medical complications 24% (Jankowski 1998), 53% (Martinez 1993), 1.4% (Pollari 1996), 82.5% for knives and 51.5% for shear techniques (Tobias 1994) , and 80% (Yeon 2001). The reported medical complications include: pain, bleeding, laceration paw pads, swelling, reluctance to bear the burden on affected limbs, neuropraxia (transient motor paralysis), radial nerve damage, lameness, infection, abscesses, tissue necrosis, wound dehiscence, healing incomplete, protrusion of the 2nd phalanx (center), the growth of the claws, the scurs (the growth of defective claw segments), the retention of the third phalanx flexor process, the chronic drying channel, self-mutilation, dermatitis, lethargy, palmigrade (walking on the wrist ), chronic intermittent lameness, chronic pain syndrome, flexor tendon contractures, and cystitis (inflammation of stress-related bladder). Growth of claws has been seen by veterinarians anywhere from weeks to 15 years after onychectomy. (Veterinary Information Network).
In post-operative follow-up Yeon, et al. (2001) found six out of thirty-nine cats (15% ~) littered the house and seven (18%) experienced an increase in the frequency or intensity of biting. The authors concluded from this study and earlier that "behavior problems after onychectomy were not spoken". Follow-up in this study performed an average of eleven and a half months after surgery.
Behavioral problems are the main cause of cats that are released to shelters. Proponents of the statement state that declaring reduces unwanted behavior (scratching) and thereby reducing the possibility of release. Opponents of the statement claim that the operation itself creates more behavior problems that lead to cat release. A study by Patronek et al. (1996) found in a univariate analysis stating that cats only 63% are likely to be released as non-decomposing cats. A multivariate analysis performed in the same study showed the possibility of release to the shelter was 89% higher for the cats being revoked. The authors conclude that the conflicting results of the two analyzes make it difficult to interpret the effect of the statement. In residential settings, more cats are claimed to have been reported by their owners to have problems with improper removal (fouling the house). However, this study ultimately did not find an association between cat declaw status with their aggression against humans or inappropriate frequency of elimination (house defilement).
In another study, 16% of cats were found to have behavioral problems (12% bite), and more stated (55%) than cats scratched (45%) were referred to veterinary hospitals for behavioral problems. This is the second longest follow-up period (2 years) ever examined.
Patrons, Glickman and Beck (1996) found no association between cat declaw status and inappropriate frequency of elimination (house defilement).
In another study of 275 cats, 11 cats (4%) developed or had worse behavioral problems after-declawing; 5 clients (less than 1%) reported that their cats had developed a box of dirt and biting problems.
Chronic pain syndrome of onychectomy has been described by pain management specialists as the cause of undesirable behavior, including increased aggression.
A prospective study comparing with tendonectomy noted many medical complications as well as behaviors.
An internet survey found that cats that were removed were more likely to jump on tables and occupants and were dirtier than unrecorded cats (25% vs. 15%).
The practice of violators
The laws and policies governing the onychectomy vary across the world. For example, many European countries prohibit or significantly limit practice, such as Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and Turkey. It is banned in at least 22 countries. The list below provides an overview of the situation in different parts of the world.
Australia
In Australia, states are never common, and for all practical purposes, none exist. A recently enacted national law prohibiting the declaration of cats except for the medical needs of cats. The policy of the Australian Veterinary Association states: "Changes in operations in the animal's natural state are acceptable only if necessary for the health and well-being of the animal concerned." The performance of any surgical procedure other than valid medical grounds is unacceptable. "
Brazil
In Brazil, states are not allowed by the Federal Veterinary Board.
Israel
In Israel, the Knesset Education Committee voted unanimously to send a bill prohibiting the disclosure of cats not for medical reasons. The bill has passed the second and third reading on November 28, 2011, effectively making a statement of a criminal offense with a sentence of 1 year in jail or a fine of 75,000 shekels.
Europe
In many European countries, the practice is prohibited either under the terms of the European Convention for Pet Protection or under local animal harassment laws, except for "animal medical reasons or for the benefit of certain animals." Some European countries go further, such as Finland, Sweden, Estonia, the Netherlands, Germany and Switzerland, where it states that cats for non-medical reasons are always illegal under their law against animal cruelty.
Austria
In Austria, the Federal Law on the Protection of Animals, in Section 7, states, surgical procedures "undertaken for purposes other than therapeutic or diagnostic purposes... are prohibited, specifically... states".
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, states are prohibited by the 2006 Animal Welfare Act, which explicitly prohibits "disruption of sensitive tissue or bone structure of animals, other than for the purpose of medical care." Even before the 2006 Act, however, it stated very unusual, to the point that most people have never seen a declared cat. This procedure was considered cruel by almost all British vets, who refused to do so except on medical grounds. The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons' Declaration of Professional Conduct states that declaring is "only acceptable where, in the opinion of the animal surgeon, animal injury is likely to occur during normal activity. if done for the convenience of the owner... the removal of the claws, especially the weight-bearing, to prevent damage to furniture is unacceptable. "
United States
Declawing was banned in West Hollywood, California, in 2003, the first bans in the US. This ordinance was written by West Hollywood Councilmember John Duran and sponsored by The Paw Project, a nonprofit organization initiated by Dr. Jennifer Conrad is based in Santa Monica, CA. The California Veterinary Association challenges the law in court. CVMA maintains that West Hollywood has exceeded its city authorities by enacting regulations that violate the rights granted by licensed state professionals. It does not directly address the statement as an animal welfare issue. The CVMA originally took effect in the High Court, but in June 2007, the California Court of Appeal overturned the lower court ruling, thus restoring a law prohibiting declaring in West Hollywood.
In 2004, California became the first state in the US to enforce statewide bans to certify wild and exotic cats. The bill was introduced by California Assemblember Paul Koretz and sponsored by Project Paw. In 2006, the US Department of Agriculture imposed a ban on declaring all wild and exotic animals held by USDA licensed owners.
In April 2007, the city of Norfolk, Virginia prohibited statements by persons other than veterinarians (Municipal Code Sec 6.1-78.1).
In 2009, the California state legislature approved an act sponsored by the California Veterinary Medicine Association (CVMA), which was intended to stop other cities from banning restrictions similar to West Hollywood. The bill covers all the professions licensed by the State Department of Consumer Affairs, and it was signed into law by the Governor in July 2009. However, the effective date of the law, January 1, 2010, gives enough time for the other seven California cities to pass. local ban on domestic cat statements: Los Angeles, San Francisco, Burbank, Santa Monica, Berkeley, Beverly Hills, and Culver City.
In 2012, the California Bill, written by Senator Fran Pavley and sponsored by the Paw Project, is signed into a law that prohibits landlords from requiring statements and animal devocalization as a lease requirement. In 2013, the state of Rhode Island enacted a law, similar to California law, forbidding landowners from requiring states as residential conditions.
Denver, Colorado approved the first ban to declare in a US city outside California in November 2017.
Ethical view of statements in the US
Rejection is widely practiced but ethically controversial within the American vet community. Some American and Canadian vets support this procedure, while others criticize and refuse to do so. Two animal protection organizations in the US, the Humane Society of the United States and the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, do not recommend such procedures. The Humane Society of the United States has endorsed laws that prohibit or limit statements. Several surveys and polls taken from 2011 revealed that the majority of US cat owners opposed the statement, believing the practice was cruel. The survey also shows that the US public believes that the majority of veterinarians who make the statement only do so because it is a profitable practice.
Opposition to attempts to ban or restrict statements has come from animal trade organizations, such as the California Veterinary Association. On the other hand, the American Veterinary Medical Association states that states "should be considered only after attempts have been made to prevent cats from using their claws destructively or when their claws present zoonotic risks for their owners." Surveys show that 95% of declaw operations are performed to protect furniture.
Alternative to declare
Surgery
Tendonectomy involves the cutting of the digital flexor tendon in each claw, so the cat can not move the distal phalanges. Without the ability to expose his claws, the cat is unable to straighten or tidy his claws. For this reason, the cat then needs the usual nail clippings to prevent the claws from growing into the pads. A 1998 study published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association compared cats undergoing onikectomy in cats undergoing tendonectomy found that, although cats undergoing tendonectomy appeared to experience less pain immediately after surgery, there were no significant differences in postoperative imbalances, bleeding , or infection between the two groups. A 2005 study found no evidence that a tendonectomy is less painful than onychectomy. The American Veterinary Medical Association and the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association do not explicitly recommend this operation as an alternative to declawing.
Non-surgical
According to a certified veterinary graduate, Dr. Gary Landsberg, "For most cats, the right client advice and a little effort are all that is needed to prevent scratching problems." However, many veterinary practitioners are unwilling or unable to offer solutions to behavioral problems such as scratching, in addition to stating.
The non-surgical alternative to declare is the application of vinyl nail hats attached to the claw with non-toxic glue, requiring periodic replacement when the cat ejects the claws (usually every four to six weeks depending on the habit of scratching the cat).
Other alternatives include ordinary nail pruning; directing the stroke behavior to cheap cardboard strokes or scratching posts, or abrasive scratch pads that collect claws; rotary sanding device; covering furniture or using masking tape or double-sided tape like Sticky Paws; remote hostile devices such as Scat Mats; or acceptance of cat scratching behavior.
See also
- Review of discrete invasive procedures in animals
- Veterinary
- Paw Project (movie)
References
External links
- Study of Feline Onychectomy Summary of studies and surveys
- Reject and Alternatively from the Pet Health Library
- "Cats In Space, Scratching, and Debates Exceeding Rules: When Normal Pet Behavior Is a Problem." from The State of the Animals III: 2005 Humane Society Press.
- Project Paw Nonprofit group anti-defense advocacy
- Declawing: What you need to know about anti-declawing sites
- Ask the Cat Doctor: Reject the Cat Includes an anatomical chart for a better understanding of the declaw procedure.
- Reject Alternative Alternatives to declare.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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