Birth control history, also known as contraception and fertility control, refers to methods or devices historically used to prevent pregnancy. Planning and provision of birth control is called family planning. In some times and cultures, abortion lacks the stigma that exists today, making birth control less important; abortion in practice is a tool of birth control.
Video History of birth control
Dunia kuno
Mesopotamia, Mesir, Yunani, dan Roma
Birth control and abortion are well documented in Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. (See History of abortion.) The Ebers Papyrus of 1550 BC and Papyrus Kahun from 1850 BC have been in them several documented descriptions of birth control, the use of honey, acacia leaves and fibers to be placed in the vagina for blocking. sperm. Another early document that explicitly refers to the method of birth control was Papyrus Kahun Gynecological from about 1850 BC. It describes various contraceptive pessarium devices, including acacia gum, which recent studies have been confirmed to have spermatocidal qualities and are still used in contraceptive jelly. Other birth control methods mentioned in papyrus include the application of gummy substances to cover the "cervix" (ie cervix), a mixture of honey and sodium carbonate applied to the inside of the vagina, and a pregnancy-preventing device made from crocodile impurities. Lactation (breastfeeding) for up to three years is also used for birth control purposes in ancient Egypt.
Genesis refers to the withdrawal, or coitus interruptus, as a method of contraception when Onan "sheds his seed" (ejaculation) on the ground so as not to father a boy with Tamar, the wife of his sister almar.
Plants with contraceptive properties were used in Ancient Greece from the 7th century BC and beyond and documented by many ancient authors of gynecology, such as Hippocrates. Theophrastus botanist documents the use of Silphium, a plant known for its contraceptive and abortifacial properties. Plants only grow on a small patch of land near the coastal city of Cyrene (located in modern Libya), with efforts to cultivate it elsewhere that fail. The price increased due to high demand, which caused it to be worth "more than its weight in silver" in the 1st century BC. High demand eventually led to the extinction of Silphium during the 3rd or 2nd century BC. Asafoetida, the close relative of siliphion, is also used for the nature of contraception. Other plants commonly used for birth control in ancient Greece include the lace of Queen Anne ( Daucus carota), willow, date, pomegranate, pennyroyal, artemisia, myrrh, and rue. Some of these plants are poisonous and ancient Greek documents dictate a safe dose. Recent studies have confirmed the birth control properties of many of these plants, confirming for example that the Queen Anne lace has post-marital anti-fertility properties. Queen Anne's lace is still used today for birth control in India. Like the ancient Greeks around, the Ancient Romans did contraception and abortion. China and India
In the 7th century BC, the Chinese physician, Master Tung-hsuan, documented the koitus reservatus and koitus obstructus, which prevented the release of semen during intercourse. However, it is not known whether this method is used primarily as a method of birth control or to defend the human. In the same century Sun Simiao documented "thousands of gold contraceptive prescriptions" for women who no longer want to bear children. This recipe, which is supposed to cause infertility, is made up of oil and mercury heated together for one day and taken orally.
In India, the classical text of Vatsyayana (2nd century AD) presents various contraceptive methods including coitus obstructus which involves controlling the release of semen.
Maps History of birth control
The middle and early modern period
Beginning of Islam
At the end of the 9th century until the beginning of the 10th century, the Persian physician Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi documented the interruption of coitus, preventing ejaculation and the use of birth control devices to block the cervix as a method of birth control. He described a number of pessariums, including elephant dung, cabbage and pitch, used alone or in combination. During the same period Ali bin Abbas al-Majusi documented the use of pessary made of stone salt for women whose pregnancies may be dangerous. At the beginning of the 10th century Persia Polymath Abu Ali al-Hussain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina, known in Europe as Avicenna, included the chapter on birth control in his medical encycopaedia The Canon of Medicine, with a list of 20 methods different. prevent conception.
South Asia
Indians use various methods of birth control since ancient times, including a concoction made from palm leaf powder and red lime, and a pessarium made of honey, ghee, rock salt or palasa tree seeds. Various birth control prescriptions, mainly composed of plants and other plants, are listed in the 12th century Ratirahasya ("The Secret of Love") and in the 15th Century Ananga Ranga ( "The God of Love Stage").
Europe
In medieval western Europe, any attempt to stop or prevent pregnancy was considered immoral by the Catholic Church. Women at the time were still using a number of birth control measures such as coitus interruptus, incorporating the roots of lilies and rue into the vagina, and infanticide after birth.
Knowledge of herbal abortifacients and contraceptives to regulate fertility decreased in the Early Modern period - John M. Riddle attributes this to the efforts of European countries to "refuel" Europe after a dramatic loss after the epidemic outbreak that began in 1348.
On December 5, 1484, Pope Innocent VIII issued a Summis desiderantes affectibus , a papal bull in which he acknowledged the existence of witches and provide papal approval in full for the Inquisition to continue to "correct, jail, convict and punish" wizards "according to their desert". In bulls, sometimes referred to as the "Witch-Bull from 1484", the witches are explicitly accused of having "babies slaughtered in her mother's womb" (abortion) and "preventing men from sexually and women" from conceiving "(contraception). texts famous that serves to guide the witch hunts and instruct judges on how to find and punish the so-called "witch" including Malleus Maleficarum , and Jean Bodin De la demonomanie des sorciers . the Malleus Maleficarum written by pastor J. Sprenger (born in Rheinfelden, now Switzerland), designated by Pope Innocent VIII as General Inquisitor to Germany about 1475, and H. Institoris, which at that time inquisitors for Tyrol, Salzburg, Bohemia, and Moravia.The authors accuse witches, among others, of infanticide and have the power to steal a man's penis.
Barrier methods such as condoms have been around longer, but are primarily seen as a means of preventing sexually transmitted diseases, not pregnancy. Casanova in the 18th century was one of the first to report using a "guarantee cap" to prevent impregnating his mistress. In 1909, Richard Richter developed the first intrauterine device made from a silkworm intestine that was further developed and marketed in Germany by Ernst GrÃÆ'¤fenberg in the late 1920s.
Modern birth control movement
Birth control became a political issue contested in the UK during the 19th century. Economist Thomas Malthus argues in the Essay on Population Principles (1798) that population growth generally develops in time and in large areas until the size of the population relative to the primary resource causes distress. He pointed out that two types of examination hold the population within the limits of resources: positive checks, which increases the mortality rate; and the preventive , which decreases the birth rate. Positive checks include hunger, disease and war; preventive examination, abortion, birth control, prostitution, marriage and celibacy delays. Malthus then clarified his view that if society depended on human misery to limit population growth, then the source of suffering (eg, hunger, disease, and war) would surely befall society, such as the turbulent economic cycle. On the other hand, "preventive checks" on birth-limiting populations, such as later marriages, can ensure a higher standard of living for all, while also improving economic stability.
His ideas came to bring great weight to the 19th century British political debates, and they greatly influenced the movement towards the adoption of liberal liberalism laissez-faire. Malthus supports the limitation of population growth and begins actively promoting birth control through various groups. The term "voluntary motherhood" was created by feminists in the 1870s as a political critic of "motherless motherhood" and as an expression of a desire for women's emancipation. Advocates for voluntary mothers disagree with contraception, arguing that women should only sex for procreation purposes and advocate periodic or permanent cessation.
In contrast, birth control movements encourage contraception to allow for desired sexual intercourse without risk of pregnancy. By emphasizing "control", the birth control movement argues that women should have control over their reproduction - this movement is closely related to the emerging feminist movement. The Malthus League was founded in 1877 and promoted public education on the importance of family planning and advocated the abolition of punishment for birth control promoters. It was originally founded during the "Knowlton" test of Annie Besant and Charles Bradlaugh in July 1877. They were charged for publishing Charles Knowlton The Fruit of Philosophy explaining various methods of birth control. Besant and Bradlaugh write that it is "... more moral to prevent the conception of children, than, after they are born, to kill them with the desires of food, air and clothing." Bradlaugh and Besant's counter-productive trial sparked a wave of public interest in contraception, and the sale of Knowlton's book books soared.
Beginning in the 1880s, birth rates began to decline steadily in industrialized countries, as married women later and families in urban living conditions increasingly preferred having fewer children. This trend is particularly acute in the UK, where the birth rate declined from almost 35.5 births per 1,000 in the 1870s to about 29 per 1,000 in 1900. While the cause is uncertain, a 29% decline in one generation suggests that the Victoria Women birth control method which is used effectively. Many women are educated about contraception and how to avoid pregnancy. While the rhythm method is not yet understood, condoms and diaphragms made of vulcanized rubber are reliable and inexpensive.
In the United States, contraception was legal in most of the nineteenth century, but in the 1870s, the Comstock Act and various state laws prohibit the distribution of information about safe sex and contraception and contraceptive use.. Margaret Sanger and Otto Bobsein popularized the phrase "birth control" in 1914. Sanger was particularly active in the United States, but had gained an international reputation in the 1930s. Sanger founded the short-lived birth control clinic in 1916, closed only nine days later. Sanger was arrested for distributing contraceptives, and on trial. Here too, the publicity surrounding arrests, trials, and fascination sparked birth control activism throughout the United States, and gained support from many donors, who will provide him with funding and support for future ventures. He then discovered the first birth control league in America in 1921.
The first permanent birth control clinic was established in England in 1921 by the birth control campaigner Marie Stopes, in collaboration with the Malthus League. Stopes, who exchanged ideas with Sanger, wrote his book Married Love on the birth control in 1918; - finally published in private because of its controversial nature. The book was an instant success, requiring five editions in the first year and appointing Stopes to national leaders. His success was followed up by Wise Parenthood: Books for Married People , a guideline on birth control, published later that year. He initially tried to publish his message through the dissemination of pamphlets in the slums of East London, but this approach failed to function, because the working class was too suspicious of well-intentioned people at the time.
In 1921, after years of planning, Stopes and her husband Humphrey Verdon Roe opened the Mothers Clinic at Holloway, North London. Clinics, run by midwives and supported by visiting doctors, offer advice on birth control of the mother and teach them the use of cervical caps. Later in the same year, Stopes founded the Society for Constructive Conjugate Control and Racial Progress, a support organization for clinics. The clinic made acceptable contraceptives during the 1920s by framing them in scientific terms and gaining an international reputation. The Malthusian League opened a second clinic soon after, but admitted that Stopes clinics were the first in the United Kingdom, although the League emphasized that their clinic was the first scientific clinic where birth control instructions were administered under medical supervision (medical officer Norman Haire). Both of these clinics 'opened a new period in the history of the movement aimed at women's emancipation from their enslavement to reproductive function'. Although clinics helped some patients in 1921 'years was one of the most important in the entire history of birth control simply because of their own existence'.
Throughout the 1920s, Stopes and other feminist pioneers, including Dora Russell and Stella Browne, played a major role in breaking taboos about sex and increasing knowledge, enjoyment, and improved reproductive health. Stopes are very influential in assisting the birth control movement of birth control in a number of British colonies. In 1930 the National Birth Control Council was formed. Stella Browne's early activism was limited to providing talk tours across the country, providing information on birth control, women's health issues, issues related to puberty and sex education. In 1929 began openly calling for the legalization of abortion, during his lecture before the World Sexual Reform Congress in London. In April 1930, the Birth Control Conference collected 700 delegates and successfully brought birth control and abortion into the political sphere - three months later, the Ministry of Health HM allowed local authorities to advise birth control in welfare centers.
Public acceptance of birth control requires the separation of sexual activity from procreation, making birth control a highly controversial subject in some countries at some point in the 20th century. Birth control is also a major theme in feminist politics; reproductive problems are cited as an example of the powerlessness of women to exercise their rights. Beginning in the 1930s and increasing in the 60s and 1970s, the birth control movement advocated the legalization of abortion and a large-scale education campaign on contraception by the government. In the broader context, birth control becomes the arena of conflict between liberal and conservative values, raising questions about family, personal freedom, state intervention, religion in politics, sexual morality and social welfare.
End of the 20th century
Gregory Pincus and John Rock with the help of the Planned Parenthood Federation of America developed the first birth control pill in the 1950s that became available to the public in the 1960s.
Medical abortion became an alternative to surgical abortion with the availability of prostaglandin analogues in the 1970s and the availability of mifepristone in the 1980s.
In 1965, the United States Supreme Court ruled in this case Griswold v. Connecticut that the Connecticut law that prohibits the use of contraception violates the constitutional "constitutional privacy rights". In 1972, the case of Eisenstadt v. Baird extends the right to own and use contraception for unmarried couples.
In France, the 1920 Birth Act contains clauses that criminalize the spread of birth control literature. The law was, however, annulled in 1967 by the Law of Neuwirth, resulting in the authorization of contraception, which was followed in 1975 by Veil's Law. Women fought for reproductive rights and they helped end national prohibition for birth control in 1965. In 1994, 5% of French women aged 20 to 49 years who are at risk of unwanted pregnancy did not use contraception.
The availability of contraceptives in the Republic of Ireland was illegal in Irish Free State (later the Republic of Ireland) from 1935 to 1980, when it was legalized with strong restrictions, then slackened. This reflects the Catholic teaching on sexual morality. In Italy, women gained the right to access birth control information in 1970.
In the control of the birth of the Soviet Union was made available to facilitate social equality between men and women. Alexandra Kollontai, USSR commissioner for public welfare, promotes birth control education for adults. An example of recently-curtailed birth control restrictions to encourage higher birth rates in Ceau? Escu-era Romania. The birth spikes resulting from Decision 770 caused great difficulties for children and the elderly, matched by an increase in illegal abortions. In Eastern Europe and Russia, authenticity fell suddenly after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
See also
- The birth control movement in the United States
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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