The common means to connect to the Internet in Germany is DSL, introduced by Deutsche Telekom in 1999. Other technologies such as Cable, FTTH and FTTB (fiber), Satellite, UMTS/HSDPA (mobile) and LTE are available as an alternative.
Video Internet in Germany
DSL
In Germany, DSL is a common internet access technology with over 30 million subscribers. For residential services, versions of Appendix B ADSL, ADSL2, and VDSL2 are used. With over 12 million subscribers, shareholders in Deutsche Telekom are the market leaders. Other DSL providers operate their own hardware on the leased local loop from the holder of local loop unbundling (LLU), and/or buy bit-stream access from the provider that operates the DSL hardware.
In January 2014, a special monthly fee for internet and flatrate phone services ranging from EUR25 to ADSL2 (16 Mbit/s downlink, 1 Mbit/s uplink) and EUR30 for VDSL2 (50 Mbit/s downlink, 10 Mbit/s) uplink s ). Some of the major national DSL providers are:
- Deutsche Telekom
- Congstar
- 1 & amp; 1
- Vodafone
- o2
- Versatel
Providers such as Deutsche Telekom and Vodafone also offer DSL-based triple play services with IPTV, which require at least 16 Mbit/s for HD quality.
Starting in 2013, all new nodes Deutsche Telekom VDSL2 support G.vector technology. Starting August 2014, VDSL2 service with data rates up to 100 Mbit/s downlink and 40 Mbit/s uplink available from Deutsche Telekom. The presence of VDSL2 existing in major cities will be upgraded to G.vector by 2016. Deutsche Telekom plans to introduce the 500 Mbit/s service using G.fast in 2017 soonest.
The Symmetric DSL (SDSL) connection using G.shdsl technology is marketed to business customers. Providers offer SDSL including Deutsche Telekom, QSC, and Versatel.
Maps Internet in Germany
Alternate technology
While DSL is a common connection technology in Germany, other technologies may offer lower prices or better availability and speed.
Cable
Internet via cable is offered by Cable Deutschland and Unitymedia (geographically separated). In addition there are some small providers as well that do not operate nationally. Available download speeds are between 10 and 200 Mbit/s. In April 2015, Tele Columbus began offering up to 400 Mbit/s. A typical 2 year fare with 120Mbit/sec internet and a phone charge of about EUR35 per month, with an additional HD cable TV of about EUR60. Since November 2014, Unitymedia and Cable Deutschland offer connections up to 200Mbit/sec downstream. Unitymedia initiated a 400 MBit/s connection in January 2016, Vodafone Cable Deutschland offers 400 MBit/dt since June 2016.
FTTH and FTTB
Deutsche Telekom started offering FTTH/FTTB in selected areas in 2011, with up to 200 Mbit/s downstream and 100 Mbit/s upstream. In January 2014, FTTH Deutsche Telekom is available at 884,000 households, with a price point of EUR55 for 100/50 Mbit/s and EUR60 for 200/100 Mbit/s service. Regional providers also offer FTTH/FTTB services, e.g. M-Net in Munich, wilhelm.tel in Hamburg, NetCologne in Cologne, and NetAachen in Aachen.
Satellite
Satellite Internet is geographically more widely available than land-based technology. In places where ground-based internet access technology (DSL, cable, FTTx) is not available, satellite and UMTS/LTE are the main means of high-speed internet access. In contrast to UMTS/LTE, satellite internet providers offer flatrates.
UMTS/HSDPA and LTE
Deutsche Telekom and Vodafone offer fixed location internet services on their UMTS and LTE networks. As of December 2014, no flatrate is available. The included data volumes are generally higher for fixed location services than mobile services at the same price point. In December 2014, both Deutsche Telekom and Vodafone limited the speed to 384 kbit/s after data volumes between 10 and 30 GB were used.
UMTS/HSDPA with up to 42.2 Mbit/s and LTE up to 375 Mbit/s offered by the four network operators: Deutsche Telekom, Vodafone, o2, and E-Plus. In 2013, Chip measures the average downstream UMTS/GPRS data rate between 2.4 and 7.9 Mbit/s and average downstream LTE/UMTS/GPRS data rates between 3.2 and 16.0 Mbit/s, depending on on provider and location (rural vs. city). In the same test, LTE coverage is measured between 15% and 80%, depending on provider and location (rural vs. city). The usual 2 year contract with 2GB LTE speed, unlimited minutes and text costs around EUR40 per month.
History
Until 1995, Deutsche Telekom (DTAG) was a government company associated with Deutsche Bundespost. As a government that runs and owns a company, Deutsche Telekom is a monopolist ISP until privatization in 1995, and the dominant ISP thereafter. Until the 21st century, Deutsche Telekom controls almost all Internet access by individuals and small businesses.
Bildschirmtext (BTX) was an initial data network service offered by Deutsche Telekom starting in 1983. It then served as an alternative to the Internet, but was discontinued in 2001.
DSL
Prior to the introduction of DSL and cable internet, voice-band modem and ISDN BRI were the most common residential internet access technologies. ISDN is widespread, with 333 ISDN BRI per 1000 people in 2005. DSL was introduced in Germany by Deutsche Telekom on July 1, 1999 under the brand name T-DSL, with 768 kbit/s downstream and 128 kbit/s upstream. T-DSL speed was upgraded by Deutsche Telekom to 1536/192 kbit/s upstream/downstream in September 2002, 3072/384 kbit/s in April 2004, and 6016/576 kbit/s in mid-2005. Deutsche Telekom introduced ADSL2 service with 16000/1024 kbit/s in spring 2006 and VDSL2 with 50000/10000 kbit/s triple play service under the brand name Entertain in October 2006. VDSL2 service without bundled IPTV was introduced in June 2009. On in 2011, Deutsche Telekom introduced the Voice over IP (VoIP) service through ADSL2 Annex J. In February 2013, Deutsche Telekom began to switch existing voice and ISDN service customers to VoIP services. In August 2014, Deutsche Telekom became the first service provider to offer VDSL2 with a vector using G.vector technology, offering 100/40 Mbit/s.
In 1998, the Federal Network Agency (BNetzA) established regulations for local unbundling loops, enabling providers such as Vodafone, TelefÃÆ'³nica Germany (O 2 ), QSC, and Versatel to lease local loops from the Deutsche Telekom incumbent and to operate their own access network, put their DSLAM either in their own central office (CO) or work with incumbent. These ISPs offer their services directly to customers, or sell bit-stream access to other ISPs. To compete with POT and ISDN incumbent voice services, alternative providers are introducing voice over IP (VoIP) that is bundled with their DSL internet service under the name Komplettanschluss . Beginning in 2004, Deutsche Telekom provides IP-level bitstream access to other providers under the name T-DSL resold . T-DSL "resell" is only available for POTS/ISDN service customers Deutsche Telekom. In July 2008, Deutsche Telekom introduced bitstream access that did not require an incumbent POTS/ISDN service, enabling competing ISPs to provide combined Internet and VoIP ( Komplettanschluss services to local loops operated by Deutsche Telekom. G.vector is not compatible with local loop unbundling, since G.vector can only be done by one provider per interface of the serving area. The BNetzA regulator constructs a "vector list", where service providers can claim cabinets on a first come first served basis. To prevent monopoly, this provider is required to offer bit-stream access to its competitors.
Cable
Wired internet access in Germany began with a pilot project in December 2003 and widespread dissemination followed in late 2004. A number of political reasons prevented previous market adoption of cable internet in Germany. Until 2001, Deutsche Telekom was the owner of the German coax cable network monopoly, and did not intend to offer in-house competition to its DSL service. Pressure from regulatory agencies forced Deutsche Telekom to sell its cable network, but Deutsche Telekom took steps to delay the possibility of a cable internet offer.
LTE
LTE internet access was introduced by Deutsche Telekom in 2010 and by Vodafone in 2011. As part of the 2010 spectrum auction, the BNetzA regulatory body requires bidders to use the spectrum to provide broadband internet access to areas with only a limited broadband network (DSL) , cable, FTTH) access. For the purpose of replacing landline broadband, Deutsche Telekom and Vodafone introduce fixed location LTE services.
Internet censorship and surveillance
Internet censorship in Germany is practiced by law as well as the effects of some court decisions. An example of content censored by law is the removal of websites from Google search results denying the holocaust, which is a crime under German law.
Most of the internet censorship cases in Germany, however, occurred after a state court ruling. One example is a 2009 court order, prohibiting the German Wikipedia to reveal the identities of Wolfgang WerlÃÆ'Â © and Manfred Lauber, two criminals convicted of the murder of Bavarian actor Walter Sedlmayr. In other cases, Wikipedia.de (an Internet domain run by Wikimedia Deutschland) is prohibited from pointing to the actual Wikipedia content. The court order is a temporary order in the case of politician Lutz Heilmann for a claim in a German Wikipedia article about his past involvement with the former intelligence service of the Democratic Republic of Stasi.
See also
- Internet censorship in Germany
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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