Employment is a relationship between two parties, usually based on a contract of employment paid, in which one party, which may be a corporation, for profit, a non-profit organization, cooperative or other entity is the employer and the other is an employee. Employees work in return for payments, which may be in the form of hourly wages, with piecework or annual salary, depending on the type of work employed by the employee or which sector he or she works for. Employees in several fields or sectors may receive gratuities, bonus payments or stock options. In some types of work, employees may receive benefits other than payment. Benefits may include health insurance, housing, disability insurance, or use of a fitness center. Jobs are usually governed by labor laws, regulations or legal contracts.
Video Employment
Employees and employers
An employee contributes labor and expertise to the business of an employer or someone who does business or business (PCBU) and is usually hired to perform a specific task packaged into a job. In the context of a company, an employee is a person employed to provide services to the company on a regular basis in exchange for compensation and which does not provide this service as part of an independent business.
Maps Employment
Employee-employee relations
The entrepreneurial and managerial controls within an organization lie at many levels and have important implications for staff and productivity, with controls that form the fundamental relationship between the desired outcome and the actual process. Employers must balance interests such as reducing wage barriers by maximizing labor productivity to achieve profitable and productive working relationships.
Acquisition of Labor
The main way for employers to find workers and people to find employers is through a list of jobs in newspapers (through classified ads) and online, also called job boards. Employers and job seekers also often find each other through professional recruitment consultants who receive commissions from companies to find, filter and select suitable candidates. However, a study shows that such consultants may not be reliable when they fail to use the principles already in selecting employees. The more traditional approach is to sign "Help Wanted" in the establishment (usually hung on a window or door or placed at a store counter). Evaluating different employees can be very tiring but setting up different techniques to analyze their skills to measure their talents in the field can be the best through assessment. Employers and prospective employees usually take additional steps to get to know each other through the job interview process.
Training and development
Training and development refers to the company's efforts to equip newly hired employees with the skills necessary to do the work, and to help employees grow in the organization. Appropriate training and development levels help improve employee job satisfaction.
Remuneration
There are many ways that employees are paid, including hourly wages, by piecework, on annual pay, or by gratuities (with the latter often combined with other forms of payment). In sales jobs and real estate positions, employees can be paid commissions, a percentage of the value of the goods or services they have sold. In some fields and professions (eg, executive jobs), employees can qualify for a bonus if they meet a particular target. Some executives and employees may be paid in stocks or stock options, a compensatory approach that has additional benefits, from the company's point of view, helps align individual interests that are compensated by company performance.
Employee benefits
Employee benefits are various non-wage compensation provided to employees in addition to their wages or salaries. Benefits may include: housing (employers or paid employers), group insurance (health, dental, life etc.), Protection of disability income, pension benefits, daycare, school tuition, sick leave, vacation (paid and non- paid), social security, profit sharing, educational funding, and other special benefits. In some cases, such as with workers working in remote or remote areas, the benefits may include food. Employee benefits can improve relationships between employees and employers and reduce staff turnover.
Organizational justice
Organizational justice is the employee's perception and judgment of the employer's treatment in the context of justice or justice. The actions generated to influence employee-employee relationships are also part of organizational justice.
Working arrangement
Employees can organize into trade unions or unions, representing the workforce to bargain with the organization's management of work, and the conditions and services of the contract.
End job
Typically, either an employee or an employer may terminate the relationship at any time, often subject to a specific notice period. This is called at-will work. Contracts between both parties determine their respective responsibilities when terminating the relationship and may include requirements such as notice period, severance pay, and security measures. In some professions, mainly teaching, civil servants, university professors, and some orchestral work, some employees may have a term of office, which means that they can not be dismissed at will. Another type of termination is termination of employment.
Wages wage
Wage wages are the socioeconomic relationships between workers and employers, where workers sell their labor under formal or informal employment contracts. This transaction usually occurs in the labor market where wages are determined by the market. In return for paid wages, the work product is generally a property not distinguished from the employer, except for special cases such as the grant of intellectual property patents in the United States where patents are usually granted to the original, original inventor. A hired worker is a person whose main source of income comes from the sale of his labor in this way.
In a modern mixed economy like OECD countries, today the dominant form of work arrangement. Although much of the work takes place following this structure, the wage work settings of CEOs, professional employees, and professional contract workers are sometimes combined with class assignments, so that "labor wages" are considered only applicable to unskilled, semi-skilled or manual labor.
Slavery wage
Wage wages, as institutionalized under the current market economy, have been criticized, especially by the mainstream socialist and anarcho syndicalists, using the term degrading wage slavery. The socialists draw parallels between trade in labor as a commodity and slavery. Cicero is also known to have suggested such parallels.
American philosopher John Dewey argued that until "industrial feudalism" was replaced by "industrial democracy", politics would be "a shadow cast on society by big business". Thomas Ferguson has argued in his investment theory of party competition that the undemocratic nature of economic institutions under capitalism causes election to be an opportunity when investor blocks converge and compete for control of the state.
Work contract
Australia
Australian employment has been regulated by the Fair Employment Law since 2009.
Bangladesh
International Association of International Recruitment Agencies (BAIRA) is a national-level association with an international reputation of cooperation and welfare of migrant workers and about 1200 members who cooperate with and support from the Government of Bangladesh.
Canada
In the province of Ontario Canada, formal complaints may be filed with the Ministry of Labor. In the province of Quebec, complaints may be filed with the Commission des normes du travail.
Pakistan
Pakistan has a Work Contract, Minimum Wage and Provident Fund. Contract workers in Pakistan must be paid the minimum wage and certain facilities should be given to the workforce. However, the Acts of the Apostles have not been fully implemented.
India
India has a Labor Contract, Minimum Wage, Provider Fund Act, and other actions to comply with. Contract workers in India must be paid a minimum wage and certain facilities should be provided to the workforce. However, there is still a huge amount of work still to be done to fully implement the Act.
Philippines
In the Philippines, work is administered by the Department of Labor and Employment.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, employment contracts are categorized by the government into the following types:
- A fixed-term contract: endures for a specified period, previously set, ends when a certain task is completed, ends when certain events occur.
- Full-time or part-time contract: not having a specified time period, may be terminated by either party, is completing a specific task, the number of hours specified.
- Agency staff
- Freelancers, Consultants, and Contractors
- The zero-hour contract
United States
For US federal income tax withholding purposes, 26 U.S.C. Ã,§ 3401 (c) provides definitions for the term "employee" specifically for chapter 24 of the Internal Revenue Code:
"For the purposes of this chapter, the term" employee "includes an officer, employee, or elected official of the United States, a State, or a political subdivision, or a District of Columbia, or any agent or mediation of one or more of the foregoing The term "employee" also includes a corporate officer. "This definition does not exclude all people commonly known as 'employees'. "Likewise, Latham's instructions indicate that under 26 USC § 3401 (c) the category of 'employee' excluding private-employed wage earners is an unreasonable reading of the law.It is clear that in the context of both laws the word 'included' is an extension term not a limitation, and references to certain entities or categories are not intended to exclude others. "
Employees often contrast with independent contractors, especially when there are disputes about the right of workers to have the appropriate taxes paid, workers compensation, and unemployment insurance benefits. However, in September 2009, the court case Brown v. J. Kaz, Inc. decides that independent contractors are considered employees for the purposes of discrimination laws if they work for employers on a regular basis, and employers' words direct time, place and work.
In non-union work environments, in the United States, unfair termination complaints may be brought to the United States Department of Labor.
Trade unions are legally recognized as workers' representatives in many industries in the United States. Their activities today center on collective bargaining on wages, benefits and working conditions for their membership, and represent their members in dispute with management over breach of contract terms. Larger states are also usually involved in state and federal lobbying and electoral activities.
Most unions in America are aligned with one of the two larger umbrella organizations: the AFL-CIO created in 1955, and the Win-Win Federation apart from the AFL-CIO in 2005. Both support policies and legislation on behalf of workers in the United States. State and Canada, and take an active role in politics. AFL-CIO is very concerned with global trade issues.
Swedish
According to Swedish law, there are three types of work.
- Work test ( swe: ProvanstÃÆ'¤llning ), where the employer hires a person for a maximum testing period of 6 months. Work can end at any time without giving any reason. This type of work can only be offered once per combination of employers and employees. Usually limited or normal working hours are offered after the employment exams.
- Limited working time ( swe: TidsbegrÃÆ'¤nsad anstÃÆ'¤llning ). The employer hires someone for a certain time. Usually they are extended for a new period. A maximum of two years per company and employee combination is automatically calculated as a normal job.
- Normal work ( swe: TillsvidareanstÃÆ'¤llning/Fast anstÃÆ'¤llning ), which has no time limit (except for pensions etc.). This can still be terminated for two reasons: personal reasons , immediate termination of work only for strong reasons such as crime, or lack of work assignments ( swe: Arbetsbrist ), cancellation of employment relationship, usually due to bad income for the company. There is a 1-6 month cancellation period, and rules for selecting employees, basically those with the shortest working time should be canceled first.
There is no legal minimum salary in Sweden. Instead there is agreement between employers 'and workers' organizations on minimum wages, and other working conditions.
There is a type of work contract that is common but not regulated in law, and it is working hours ( swe: TimanstÃÆ'¤llning ), which can work normally (unlimited), but the work time is unregulated and decided on an urgent basis. Employees are expected to answer the phone and come to work when needed, eg. when someone is sick and there is no job. They will receive a paycheck only for the actual work time and in fact can be fired for no reason by not being called again. This type of contract is common in the public sector.
Youth workers
Young workers are at higher risk for occupational accidents and face certain higher-level job hazards; this is generally due to their work in high-risk industries. For example, in the United States, young people are hurt at work twice as much as their older counterparts. These workers are also at higher risk for motor vehicle accidents in the workplace, due to less work experience, lower seat belt use, and higher impaired driving rates. To reduce this risk, those under the age of 17 are prohibited from certain types of driving, including transporting persons and goods under certain circumstances.
High risk industries for young workers including agriculture, restaurants, waste management, and mining. In the United States, those under the age of 18 are prohibited from certain occupations deemed hazardous under the Fair Labor Standards Act.
Youth employment programs are most effective when they include both theoretical classroom training and direct training with work placements.
In conversations among young workers, youth unemployment has also been monitored. The unemployment rate of young people tends to be higher than adults in every country in the world.
Older workers
Those older than the statutory retirement age can continue to work, either because of pleasure or need. However, depending on the nature of the work, older workers may need to transition to less physical work to avoid injury. Working past the retirement age also has a positive effect, as it gives a sense of purpose and allows people to maintain social networks and activity levels. Older workers are often discriminated against by employers.
Working poor
Employment is not a guarantee of escape from poverty, the International Labor Organization (ILO) estimates that as many as 40% of working poor, not enough income to keep their families above the $ 2 per day poverty line. For example, in India most of the chronically poor are the breadwinners in formal jobs, because their jobs are unsafe and low wages and do not offer the opportunity to accumulate wealth to avoid risk. According to UNRISD, the increase in labor productivity appears to have a negative impact on job creation: in the 1960s, a 1% increase in output per worker was associated with a 0.07% decline in employment growth, in the first decade of this century the same productivity increase implies a decline in employment growth of 0.54%. Both increase job opportunities and increase labor productivity (as it also means higher wages) are needed to overcome poverty. Increasing employment without increasing productivity leads to an increase in the number of "working poor", which is why some experts are now promoting the creation of "quality" rather than "quantity" in labor market policies. This approach highlights how higher productivity has helped reduce poverty in East Asia, but negative impacts are beginning to be seen. In Vietnam, for example, employment growth has slowed while productivity growth continues. Furthermore, increased productivity does not necessarily lead to increased wages, as can be seen in the United States, where the gap between productivity and wages has increased since the 1980s.
Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute argue that there are differences across all sectors of the economy in creating jobs that reduce poverty. 24 growth samples are examined, in which 18 reduces poverty. This study shows that other sectors are equally important in reducing unemployment, such as manufacturing. The service sector is most effective in translating productivity growth into employment growth. Agriculture provides a safety net for jobs and economic buffers when other sectors are struggling.
Working relations model
Scholars conceptualize working relationships in various ways. A key assumption is the extent to which employment relations always involve a conflict of interest between employers and employees, and the nature of the conflict. In economic theory, the labor market mediates all such conflicts so that employers and employees entering into employment relationships are assumed to find these arrangements for their own interests. In the theory of human resource management, employers and employees are assumed to have a common interest (or unity of interests, the label of "unitarism"). Each conflict is seen as a manifestation of poor human resource management policies or interpersonal clashes such as personality conflicts, both of which can and should be managed. From the perspective of pluralist industrial relations, employment relations are characterized by a plurality of stakeholders with legitimate interests (hence the label of "pluralism"), and some conflicts of interest are seen as inherent in employment relations (eg wages v. Profit) Finally, the critical paradigm emphasizes conflict of interest antagonists between different groups (eg, the capitalist class and workers competing within the Marxist framework) that are part of a deeper social conflict of unequal power relations.Therefore, there are four general models of work:
- The mainstream economy: work is seen as a mutually beneficial transaction on the free market between self-interested legal and economic interests
- Human resource management (unitarism): work is a long-term partnership of employees and employers with shared interests
- Pluralist industrial relations: work is a bargaining exchange between stakeholders with some competing economic interests and unequal bargaining power because of the imperfect labor market
- Important industrial relations: work is an unequal power relationship between competing groups deeply embedded and inseparable from systemic inequalities throughout the socio-political-economic system.
These models are important because they help reveal why individuals have different perspectives on human resource management policies, unions, and work regulations. For example, human resource management policies are seen as dictated by the market in the first place, as an important mechanism for aligning the interests of employees and employers and thereby creating a profitable enterprise in the second view, as it is not enough to seek employee interests in the third view, and as a tool managerial manipulatives to form workplace ideologies and structures in the fourth view.
Academic literature
The literature on the employment impact of economic growth and how growth is linked to work at the macro, sector and industry levels is collected in 2013.
The researchers found evidence showing growth in manufacturing and services has a good impact on jobs. They found that GDP growth in employment in agriculture was limited, but the added value growth had a relatively greater impact. Impact on job creation by industry/economic activity as well as the level of evidence body and key studies. For the extras, they again found extensive evidence showing growth in this sector had limited impact on employment. But in textiles, despite low evidence, research shows growth there contributing positively to job creation. In agri-business and food processing, they found the impact growth to be positive.
They found that most of the available literature focused on OECD and middle income countries somewhat, where the impact of economic growth has proven positive on the job. The researchers found no sufficient evidence to infer any growth impact on employment in LDCs although some lead to positive effects, others show limitations. They recommend that complementary policies be necessary to ensure the positive impact of economic growth on LDC employment. With trade, industry and investment, they have found only limited evidence of the positive impact on employment of industrial and investment policies and for others, while much evidence exists, the exact impact remains contested.
The researchers also explored the relationship between work and illicit activity. Using evidence from Africa, the research team found that programs for former Liberian warriors reduced working hours on forbidden activities. The work program also diminished interest in mercenary employment in nearby wars. The study concludes that although the use of capital inputs or cash payments for peaceful work creates a reduction in illicit activity, the impact of training alone is rather low.
Globalization and working relations
The balance of economic efficiency and social justice is the ultimate debate in the field of employment relations. By meeting the needs of the employer; generate profits to build and sustain economic efficiency; while maintaining balance with employees and creating social equality that benefits workers so that it can fund and enjoy a healthy life; proved to be a matter of continuous rolling in westernized societies.
Globalization has influenced these issues by creating certain economic factors that prohibit or permit various employment problems. Economist Edward Lee (1996) studied the impact of globalization and summarized the four main points of concern that affect employment relationships:
- International competition, from new industrialized countries, will lead to unemployment growth and increase wage gaps for unskilled workers in industrialized countries. Imports from low-wage countries put pressure on manufacturing sectors in industrialized countries and foreign direct investment (FDI) pulled away from industrialized countries, toward low-wage countries.
- Economic liberalization will result in unemployment and wage inequality in developing countries. This is because job losses in noncompetitive industries go beyond job opportunities in new industries.
- Workers will be forced to accept wages and worsening conditions, as the global labor market produces a "down race". Increased international competition creates pressure to reduce workers' wages and conditions.
- Globalization reduces the autonomy of the nation state. Capital is increasingly mobile and the country's ability to regulate economic activity is reduced.
What also results from Lee's (1996) findings is that in industrialized countries an average of nearly 70 per cent of workers work in the service sector, which consists mainly of non-tradable activities. As a result, workers are forced to become more skilled and develop the trade sought, or find other ways to survive. Ultimately this is the result of changes and job trends, growing workforce, and globalization represented by a more skilled and increasingly diverse workforce, growing in the form of non-standard work (Markey, R. et al., 2006).
Alternative
Subculture
Various youth subcultures have been linked to non-work, such as the hippie subculture of the 1960s and 1970s (supporting the idea of ​​"dropping out") and the punk subculture, where some members live in anarchist squats (illegal housing).
postsecondary Education
One alternative to work is engaging in postsecondary education in college, university or professional school. One of the main costs of obtaining a postsecondary education is the opportunity cost of wages lost by not working. At a time when jobs are hard to find, such as during a recession, unemployed people may decide to get a postsecondary education, as there is little opportunity cost.
Workplace democracy
Workplace democracy is the application of democracy in all its forms (including voting systems, debates, democratic arrangements, legal processes, hostilities, appeals) to the workplace.
Entrepreneur
When an individual entirely owns the business in which they work, this is known as an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship often leads to merging. Merger offers certain protection from a person's personal assets. Individuals who are self-employed can have a small business. They can also be considered as entrepreneurs.
Social help
In some countries, unemployed individuals may receive social assistance (eg, welfare or food stamps) to allow them to rent housing, buy food, repair or replace household goods, raise children and observe social habits that require expenditure finance.
Volunteer
Unpaid workers, such as volunteers performing duties for charities, hospitals or non-profit organizations, are generally not considered to be working. One exception to this is apprenticeship, work situations in which workers receive training or experience (and possibly university credits) as a major form of compensation.
Slave and bondage indentured
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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