Sodium hyaluronate is a sodium salt of hyaluronic acid, glycosaminoglycans found in various human connective tissues.
Video Sodium hyaluronate
Chemistry
Sodium hyaluronate is a sodium salt of hyaluronic acid. These are glycosaminoglycans and long-chain polymers of the Na-glucuronate-N-acetylglucosamine disaccharide unit. This can bind to specific receptors that have a high affinity.
The polyanionic form, commonly referred to as hyaluronan, is a visco-elastic polymer found in aqueous and vitreous humor of the eyes and in joint articulation fluid.
Maps Sodium hyaluronate
Natural events
Sodium hyaluronate is widely distributed in the extracellular matrix of mammalian, epithelial, and neural connective tissue, as well as corneal endothelium.
Action mechanism
Sodium hyaluronate acts as a tissue lubricant and is thought to play an important role in modulating the interactions between adjacent tissues. This forms a viscoelastic solution in water. Mechanical protection for tissues (iris, retina) and cell layers (cornea, endothelium, and epithelial) are provided by the high viscosity of the solution. The elasticity of the solution helps in absorbing mechanical stress and provides a protective buffer for the network. In facilitating wound healing, he thinks that he acts as a protective transport vehicle, taking peptide growth factors and other structural proteins into action sites. It is then enzymatically degraded and activated proteins are released to improve tissue repair.
Pharmacokinetics
Sodium hyaluronate is cleared within hours of injection but appears to have residual effects on the contacted cell. In the eye it was removed through the Schlemm canal.
Adverse effects
Side effects are relatively rare when used to treat joints.
When used in ophthalmological procedures, sodium hyaluronate may cause postoperative inflammation, corneal edema or decompensation, and an increase in short-term intraocular pressure.
Medical use
Intra-articular injection
It is used to treat knee pain in patients with osteoarthritis who have not received help from other treatments. It is injected into the joint capsule, to act as a shock absorber and lubricant for the joint. Thus sodium hyaluronate is used as a viscosupplement, administered through a series of injections to the knee, increasing the viscosity of the synovial fluid, which helps lubricate, protect and reduce pain in the joint. It is commonly used as a last resort before surgery and provides symptomatic relief, by restoring viscoelasticity of articular fluid, and by stimulating new production of synovial fluid. The use of sodium hyaluronate can reduce the need for joint replacement. The injections appear to increase effectiveness for four weeks, peaking at eight weeks and retaining some effectiveness at six months, with greater benefits for osteoarthritis than oral analgesics. It may also be effective when used with ankle joints.
Intraocular viscoelastic injection
It is used as an aid in eye surgery that acts as aqueous and vitreous humor, eg. in cataract extraction (intra- and extracapsular), implantation of intraocular lenses, corneal transplantation, glaucoma filtration, and retinal adherence surgery and in the treatment of dry eye. In a surgical procedure in the anterior segment of the eyeball, gradual sodium hyaluronate viscoelasticity allows the maintenance of deep space during surgical manipulation as the solution does not flow out of the open anterior space, allowing efficient manipulation with less trauma to the corneal endothelium and other surrounding tissues. Viscoelasticity also helps push the vitreous face and prevents the formation of postoperative flat rooms. In posterior segment surgery, sodium hyaluronate serves as a surgical aid to separate, maneuver, and hold the tissue gently. It creates a clear field of vision, facilitates intraoperative and postoperative retinal examination and photocoagulation.
Sodium hyaluronate is also used to coat the bladder lining in treating interstitial cystitis.
Skin injection in plastic surgery
Sodium hyaluronate is injected to reduce wrinkles on the face. By 2017, the FDA has approved 13 hyaluronate preparations called dermal fillers. They are also used as lip fillers or in other parts of the body, although not FDA approved. Filling effects are temporary and last for about six months or more in most people.
Topical app
Topically applied sodium hyaluronate can facilitate the absorption of biomacromolecules, ie drugs, and function like a nanocarrier. Its effect on the skin depends on hyaluronate formulation and skin health: In the barrier-less skin it limits the delivery of biomacromolecules to the appropriate stratum corneum and epidermis. In normal skin, low molecular weight hyaluronate (5 kDa) increases penetration into the epidermis.
Transepidermal water loss increased by 55.5% with low molecular weight, and decreased 28% with cross-resistance, and 16% with HMW. The addition of skin cream became popular in the second millennium. Its efficacy against wrinkles has not been tested in clinical trials.
After gradually entering the lungs, hyaluronate with high molecular weight appears to settle longer in the lungs but if & gt; 215 kD there is poor lung penetration and mucociliary clearance. Hyaluronate may allow access to the lymph nodes drying the lung bed.
Contraindications
Sodium hyaluronate is contraindicated in people who are sensitive to hyaluronate preparation, or when there is infection or skin disease at the injection site.
History
In the late 1970s and early 1980s materials were used with Hylartin and Hylartin Vetused brand names in human and animal (horse racing) clinical trials to treat osteoarthritis. The first commercially sold sodium hyaluronate was developed by Endre Alexander Balazs under the brand name Healon, produced by Pharmacia AB in Sweden in 1980. In 1986, sodium hyaluronate was used as an intra-articular injection to treat knee osteoarthritis with Hyalart/Hyalgan products by Fidia from Italy.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments