The Internet uses the Domain Name System (DNS) to associate numerical computer IP addresses with human readable names. The top level of the domain name hierarchy, the DNS root, contains the top-level domain that appears as the suffix of all Internet domain names. The most widely used (and first) DNS root is managed by the Internet Company for the Name and Number Assigned (ICANN). In addition, some organizations operate an alternative root root , often referred to as alt roots . These alternative domain name systems operate their own root name servers and typically manage their own custom namespaces consisting of special top-level domains.
The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) has spoken strongly against alternative roots in RFC 2826.
Video Alternative DNS root
Description
The DNS root zone consists of a pointer to an authoritative domain name server for all top-level domain (TLD). The root zone is hosted on a collection of root servers that are operated by several organizations worldwide that all use a specified list of domains that are managed by ICANN. Instead, alternate roots usually include pointers to all TLD servers for domains delegated by ICANN, as well as name servers for other custom top-level domains that are not approved by ICANN. Some alternative roots are operated by organizations that manage these alternative TLDs.
Zach Bastick proposes that alternative DNS roots have enabled more democratic control of the Internet:
"The implementation of alternative GTLD precedes any significant debates on the expansion of namespaces by authorized actors, and this demonstrates how democratizing DNS changes the speed of Internet policy development, the nature of decisions that justify policy development, and the dynamics of politics and user autonomy in network infrastructure." (P.103 )
Unless someone specifically changes their DNS resolution settings, alternative top level DNS domains are generally unreachable, and very few Internet service providers provide this configuration by default.
Maps Alternative DNS root
Alternate DNS provider
Some organizations provide alternative root DNS services, such as additional Top Level Domains.
Emercoin
Emercoin provides top-level domains.coin,.emc,.lib and.bazar through the blockchain-based DNS resolution service. Resolution is also provided by OpenNIC.
namecoin
namecoin supports an alternate.bit top level domain. The alternate.bit domain is resolved by any computer running the complete namecoin and connectivity nodes such as nmcontrol, ncdns and the freespeechme browser plugin. Centralized servers that bridge DNS and Namecoin can also be used, meaning users using centralized servers do not benefit from the decentralized and secure nature of Namecoin. Alternatively, the resolution is also provided by OpenNIC.
New Country
New Countries provide domains for nation-states or regional efforts that are not listed in ISO 3166-1 standards and therefore do not have ccTLD delegated to them. Examples are.ko ( Kosovo ),.ku ( Kurdish ),.te ( Tamil Eelam ),.ti ( Tibet ), and.uu ( Uyghurs ). Domain name resolution is provided by peering agreements with OpenNIC or New Nations own DNS servers. Open the Root Server Network (ORSN)
Open Root Server Network (ORSN) is a network name server Domain Name System for the Internet. ORSN root zone information is usually stored in sync with the "official" name server coordinated by ICANN. The Public DNS Server ORSN is operated by the ORSN community, providing free Access to the Domain Name System for everyone, without any restrictions. The public DNS server ORSN respects privacy and does not record usage. "Open Network Server Root - General Information about this Project". ORSN.org . Retrieved 2017-07-28 . Ã,
OpenNIC
OpenNIC is an alternatively owned and controlled user for InterNIC and ICANN provides a non-national democratic alternative to traditional domain registrars. The OpenNIC server can complete all of the top-level ICANN domains, some of the original top-level OpenNIC domains, and resolutions from other Alternative Root controls with which they have reached peering agreements.
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eDNS
eDNS (Enhanced Domain Name Service) was founded by a coalition of ISPs led by Karl Denninger of the MCSNet of the Chicago area. It ceases to operate in 1998. It serves the following domains: biz (general business use), corp (company), fam (for and about family), k12 (for and about children), npo (nonprofit organization), per ( private domain), web (web-based sites, web pages).
Open RSC
One of the important challengers to control ICANN from the DNS namespace is the Open RSC ( Open Root Server Confederation ), a group that grew from a private discussion and evolved into a public mailing list. It grew large enough that the group decided to apply to the US government to run the DNS.
Organizations posted by law and article of incorporation outline the position of ORSC after extensive public discussion on the way in which DNS is operated.
ICANN Chairman Esther Dyson acknowledged adopting features such as membership of ORSC in response to the United States Department of Commerce.
ORSC publishes a root zone that contains additional top-level domains not found in the ICANN root zone.
RealNames
Microsoft offers the RealNames service in its Internet Explorer browser address bar. RealNames, for Internet Explorer users, acts as a domain registry. RealNames shut down operations in 2002 following a decision by Microsoft to redirect the view of 1 billion pages per calendar quarter completed by RealNames from the browser's address bar to its MSN search engine.
See also
- Google Public DNS
- Open Network Server Root
- Public recursive name server
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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