A physician assistant (USA/CANADA) or physician association (UK) is a health care professional who practices medicine as part of a health care team with collaborating physicians and other providers. In the United States, PA is nationally certified and licensed state for the practice of medicine. An approved PA can add "C" at the end of its postnominal credentials. PA is trained with a medical model and completes this qualification in less time than a traditional medical degree. The educational model for PA is based on the training of physicians who were tracked rapidly during World War II. In Canada, the Canadian Certified Physician Assistant (CCPA) is a credential granted under license.
PA is concerned with preventing and treating human disease and injury by providing a large number of health care services under supervising doctors. The scope of their practice varies according to jurisdiction and health care settings.
The title of the work came from the United States in the 1960s; Similar jobs elsewhere include clinical officers in parts of Africa and feldshers in former Soviet states.
Several other countries including Australia and New Zealand have begun to develop new roles of physician assistants or physician associations to fill the apparent or perceived shortcomings in rural medical care.
Video Physician assistant
Ikhtisar
An assistant physician or associate physician (PA) may:
- do a physical check
- message and interpret the test
- diagnose the disease
- develop a maintenance plan
- maintenance coordination
- perform procedure
- prescribe medication
- do clinical research
- advise on preventive health care
- first aid in operation
They train to work in settings such as hospitals, clinics and other types of health facilities, or in academic administration, and exercise autonomy in medical decision-making. PAs perform primary care or medical specialties, including emergency medicine, surgery, cardiology, etc. In accordance with the scope of legal practice that may vary across jurisdictions. An extensive period of clinical training precedes obtaining a license to train as a physician's assistant, and is similar to physician training but shorter duration, encompassing all human body systems. License renewals are required every few years, varying according to jurisdiction. PA can also complete residency training, similar to physician residency but significantly shorter, in areas such as: OB/GYN, emergency medicine, critical care, orthopedics, neurology, surgery, and other medical disciplines.
Maps Physician assistant
History
In 1961 Charles Hudson recommended to the American Medical Association (AMA), "the creation of two new assistant groups for doctors of non-medical and non-nursing personnel." Eugene A. Stead, Jr. of Duke University Medical Center in North Carolina collected first class physician's assistant in 1965, consisting of four former US Navy Guarantor Corps. He based his PA program curriculum on his first-hand knowledge of fast-track training from doctors during World War II. Two other doctors, Richard Smith at the University of Washington in Seattle, and Hu Myers at Alderson-Broaddus College in Philippi, West Virginia, also launched their own programs in the mid and late 1960s. And Dr. J. Willis Hurst started the Emory University Physician Assistant Program in 1967.
Beginning in January 1971, the US Army produced eight classes of physician assistants, at 30 students per class, through the Academy of Health Sciences, Brooke Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas (academically accredited by Baylor University, Texas).
In 2003, nearly 60% of physician assistants in the United States were women.
PA profession has grown globally. Now can be found in Afghanistan, Australia, Canada, Germany, Ghana, India, Israel, Liberia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, and England. Many countries do not have PA, but have people employed to perform similar types of work, such as clinical officers in Africa, clinical colleagues in South Africa, assistant medical officers in Malaysia, medical assistants in China, Health education workers in Papua New Guinea, and feldshers in countries formerly composed of the Soviet Union.
United Kingdom
Overview
The position of physician association (PA) has been established in the UK since 2005. This position evolved from the position of physician assistant, developed in the United States in the 1960s. In 2012, the profession chooses to change its name to physician association to differentiate positions from others with the same name in the NHS.
Hillingdon Hospital The NHS Foundation Trust was asked to manage the recruitment of 200 physician associations expected from the United States for 40 NHS trusts in September 2015.
Faculty Associates Doctor at Royal College of Physicians of London
The Faculty of Physician Associates (FPA) is a professional body for Physician Associates who works in the UK. A joint venture between the Royal College of Physicians of London and the previous professional body, Associate of Physician Associates (UKAPA) United Kingdom, the Faculty was officially launched in July 2015, taking over all professional rights since then. The Faculty oversees the managed volunteer list, in which all PA practitioners are encouraged to become members, and establish and run the National Assessment Examination and the National Certification Exam.
Scope of practice
PA is trained under a medical model, similar to a doctor, to provide high quality medical care in both primary and secondary care settings. Upon graduation, PA may specialize in various fields of medicine, including acute treatment, primary care, emergency medicine, surgery, and psychiatry. The role of PA has been developed to provide medical services similar to those provided by home officers or senior officers. They are trained to perform various tasks including diagnosis, treatment, complicated medical procedures and medical history.
Voluntary list
The title of a physician association is not a protected medical profession. Therefore, even if PA has been trained in pharmacology and IRMER (the ability to request radiological imaging - X-rays), they can not prescribe or require imaging. Currently, there is no regulatory body for PA, such as General Medical Council (GMC) for doctors. Since June 2010, physician associations have been able to obtain membership from the Managed Voluntary Register (MVR) for physician associations. This database, run by PA for PA, aims to identify all eligible PAs who can practice in the UK. This is intended to maintain high standards in the UK. To remain registered, medical associations in the United Kingdom are required to re-certify every 5-6 years and keep up with the latest practices through the attendance of accumulated CPD training (continuous professional development), which must be completed on an annual basis.
Training
PA Training in the UK is through 2 years of accelerated medical training (MSc or Postgraduate Diploma) in Associate Physician Studies. In 2017 there are at least 32 universities offering this program.
Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London (QMUL) requires candidates to have at least 2: 1 or above in Life Sciences, Biomedical Science, or Health Care subject. In addition, candidates must take the UKCAT exam within 12 months from the deadline for the application. Due to the competitive nature of the course, the ranking system will be used for short lists for interviews.
Aberdeen requires a science-based degree of at least 2: 1 and St. George's requires a science-based degree with a minimum of 2: 2. This includes sports, biology, psychology and biomedical degrees. Applicants must have experience in the health care industry, such as HCA or additional treatment. Applications from other professionals such as nurses, radiographers and paramedics will also be considered.
The University of Bradford requires a 2: 1 (or above) Bachelor degree in Life Science, Biomedical Science, or a Health Care subject. In exceptional circumstances, extensive experience in health care practice can contribute and compensate if the above requirements have not been fully met.
United States
Rule
In the United States, this profession is represented by the American Academy of Physician Assistants, and all PAs must graduate from nationally accredited ARC-PA programs and pass national certification exams. It was not until 1970 that the AMA passed a resolution to develop educational guidelines and certification procedures for PA. The Duke University Medical Center Archives has established the Historical Center for Assistant Physicians, dedicated to the study, preservation, and presentation of PA profession history. PA History Center became its own institution in 2011, named PA Society of History, and is now located in Johns Creek, Georgia.
Education and certification
As of October 2016, there are 218 accredited PA programs in the United States, and dozens more in development, represented by the Association of Educational Assistant Physicians (PAEA). Most educational programs are graduate programs leading to the award of a master's degree either in the Medical Assistant (MPAS), Health Science (MHS), or Medical Studies (MMSc), and require a bachelor's degree and a GRE or MCAT score to enter. The majority of PA programs in the United States use the CASPA application to select students. Professional licenses are governed by the medical boards of each state. Student physician assistants practice in medical schools and academic medical centers across the country.
Assistant medical doctors are based on medical education although unlike medical schools that last for four years plus a special residency, PA training is usually 2 to 3 years of full-time study, completed during their post-graduate studies, with a total of 6 -7 years of science-based postsecondary education. PA didactic education training consists of classroom and laboratory instruction in medical science and behavior, such as anatomy, microbiology, immunology, pharmacology, pathophysiology, hematology, pathology, genetics, clinical medicine, and physical diagnosis, followed by clinical rotation in internal medicine. , family medicine, surgery, paediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, emergency medicine, and geriatric medicine, and elective rotation. Unlike doctors, who must complete a minimum of three years of residency after completing medical school, PA is not required to complete the residency after they complete their school. Nevertheless, there is a residency program in specialist specialization for PA who chooses to continue formal education in such format.
The PA clinical postgraduate program is a different clinical training program from on-the-job training in incorporating didactic education and supervised clinical experience to meet clearly defined learning objectives. The Montefiore Medical Center Postgraduate Surgical Doctor Assistant Program was established in 1971 as the first recognized clinical postgraduate clinical program. Currently, there are known 49 programs in various specializations such as Neurology, Trauma/Critical Care and Oncology. The Association of Postgraduate Physician Assistants Program was formed in 1988 as an instrument in the establishment of educational standards for the postgraduate PA program and currently includes 50 member programs.
A physician assistant may use the post-nominal initials "PA", "PA-C", "APA-C", "RPA" or "RPA-C", where "-C" indicates "Certified" and "R" shows "Registered." The designation of "R" is unique to some states, especially in the Northeast APA stands for an aeromedical physician's assistant and shows that a physician assistant successfully completed the US Army Surgeon Basic Course During the training, PA students are designated PA- The use of "PA-C" is limited to PA currently certified and in accordance with the rules of the national certification organization, the National Commission for Certification of Physician Assistance and who has graduated from the PANCE.
In the United States, graduates of an accredited PA program must pass the National Certification Examination (PAKAI) of a Doctor approved by NCCPA before becoming PA-C; This certification is required for licenses in all states. The content of the exam is covered by PANCE BLUEPRINT. In addition, the PA must record 100 Hours of Continuing Medical Education (CME) and re-register its certificate to NCCPA every two years. Every ten years (previously six years), a PA must also be recertified by successfully completing the National Expert Doctor Certification Examination (PANRE)
"National Physician Assistant Week" is celebrated annually in the US from 6 October to 12 October. This week was chosen to commemorate the anniversary of the first graduate physician assistant class at Duke University on October 6, 1967.
Scope of practice
Doctors' assistants have their own licenses with different practice scopes. Each of the 50 states has different laws regarding prescription drugs by PA and licensing authorities granted for each category within a particular country through the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). PA in Kentucky, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands are not allowed to prescribe controlled substances. Some other countries place limits on the type of controlled substance or quantity that can be determined, distributed, or administered by the PA. Depending on the specific legislation of each state drug board, PA should have a formal relationship on file with a collaborative physician. The collaborating physician should also be licensed in the country where the PA works, although he may physically be elsewhere. Collaborative physicians may be self-administered, by telecommunication systems or by other reliable means (eg, availability for consultation). In the emergency department, the laws governing PA practice differ by country, generally allowing a wide scope of practice and limited direct supervision.
Jobs
The first employer of the PA is the Veterans Administration (VA), now known as the Department of Veterans Affairs. Currently, VA is the largest single company of PA, employing nearly 2,000 PA.
According to AAPA, there are more than 108,500 PA certified in the United States by 2016.
In the 2008 AAPA census, 56 percent of PA respondents worked in a doctor's office or clinic and 24 percent were employed by the hospital. The remainder are employed in public health clinics, nursing homes, schools, prisons, home health care agencies, and the United States Department of Veterans Affairs. Fifteen percent of respondents who respond to PA work in areas classified as non-metropolitan by the Economic Research Service of the United States. Agriculture department; about 17% of the US population resides in these countries.
Reports of the US Department of Labor Labor Statistics Bureau in PA State, "The work of physician assistants is expected to grow 27 percent from 2006 to 2016, much faster than the average for all jobs..." This is due to several factors factors, including a thriving health care industry, an aging baby boomer population, concerns about the costs of detention, and a new ban being applied to shorten the working hours of the population.
For PA in primary care practice, malpractice insurance policies with $ 100,000-300,000 in coverage can cost less than $ 600 per year; higher premiums for PA in high-risk specializations.
The Money magazine, along with Salary.com, registered the PA profession as "the fifth best job in America" ​​in May 2006, based on salaries and job prospects, and on the 10-year work anticipated growth of 49.65%. In 2010, CNN Money rated Assistant Physician Assistant as the number two Best Job In America. In 2012, Forbes assessed the Doctor Assistant Degree as the number one master's degree for employment. In 2015, Glassdoor is rated as the No. 1 Best Doctor Assistant Job In America. According to the 2014 National Payroll Survey of PA, the median total income for full-time physician assistants is $ 112,344. Doctors' assistants in emergency medicine, dermatology, and surgical subspecialty can earn $ 100,000 to $ 200,000 per year.
Federal Government, Service Uniforms, and US Armed Forces
PA is employed by the US Department of State as a Foreign Service Health Practitioner (FSHP). PAs working in this capacity can be placed anywhere in the world where there are State Department facilities. They provide primary care to US government employees and their families at American embassies and consulates around the world. An important part of their work is to know what resources are locally available they can rely on in an emergency. The FSHP has several other important roles, such as advising their ambassadors about the health situation in the country and providing health education to the diplomatic community. To be considered for FSHP positions, this PA must be licensed and have at least two years of experience in primary care.
Military PAs serve in the White House Medical Unit, where they provide care to the president and vice president and their families and White House staff.
PA is employed by several organizations with Intelligence Community, in particular the Central Intelligence Agency. While many job descriptions are classified, they work under the Directorate of Support and are deployed to "harsh environments" where they provide medical care, including trauma stabilization, and teaching in the field of survival, the field of treatment, and Tactical Combat Casualty Care.
The US Army PAs serve as Corps Medical Specialist officers, usually in army combat or battalions of combat support located in the continents of the United States, Alaska, Hawaii, and abroad. These include infantry, armor, cavalry, air, artillery, and (if the PA qualifies) the Special Forces unit. They serve as the "front line" of Army treatment and together with medical officers the battle is responsible for the total health care of soldiers assigned to their units, as well as their family members.
PA also serves in the Air Force and Navy as clinical practitioners and aviation medicine specialists, as well as in the Coast Guard and Public Health Service. The skills required for this PA are similar to their civil counterparts, but additional training is provided in the care of continued victims, medical management of chemical injuries, aviation drugs, and military drugs. In addition, military PA is also required to meet the commissioning requirements of officers, and maintain the professional and physical preparedness standards of each service.
The Marine Physician Assistant (MPA) is a US Mariner Merchant Officer. The Certificate of Enrollment is awarded through the US National Coast Guard Center Maritime Center (NMC) located in Martinsburg, West Virginia. The formal training program for Marine Doctor Assistants began in September, 1966 at the Public Service Health Hospital located in Staten Island, N.Y.
New Zealand
In February, 2015 New Zealand Health Workforce completed a Phase 2 trial of a two-year-old PA (2013-2015) in four clinical settings. Specifically, the site included one rural emergency and three primary care settings (two rural and one urban) located in North and South Island in New Zealand. At the end of the trial, some clinics continued to use PA while the regulatory health process made it through government bureaucracy.
Australia
In 2011, Health Workforce Australia began to expand the role of physician assistants across the country culminating with the enrollment and PA Program based on James Cook University. Although all of the early indicators indicate that the new profession will be successfully integrated into the health care system, progress has been floundering resulting in the majority of PAs in Australia unemployed.
Canada
As of October 2015, there are about 400 PAs working in health care settings in Canada. The first officially trained PA graduated in 1984 from the Canadian Medical Forces in Borden, Ontario. The Canadian Medical Association (CMA) recognized PA as a health professional in 2003.
The first civil PA education program was launched in 2008 at the University of Manitoba and McMaster University. In 2010, a third civil program was launched by the Consortium of PA Education (University of Toronto, North Ontario Medical School, and The Michener Institute).
PA is currently training in Canada in the Canadian Armed Forces and working in public health care systems in Manitoba, Ontario, New Brunswick and Alberta provinces. PA is set up in Manitoba and New Brunswick by colleges of doctors and provincial surgeons respectively. In Ontario and Alberta, the profession is not regulated. However, Ontario Health Minister has recommended that mandatory registry be established to be regulated by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario. In Alberta, voluntary registration has been established for PA under the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta. PA was allowed to practice, by way of delegation, under the provincial Medical Law. PA is represented by the Canadian Association of Physician Assistants, formed in October 1999 as the "Canadian Academy of Physician Assistants".
India
The first PA program in India was established in 1992.
References
External links
- Education Accreditation Assessment Commission for Physician Assistant (ARC-PA)
- Canadian CAPA Assistant Doctors Association
- The American Academy of Physician Assistants (AAPA)
- National Commission for Certification of Physician Assistant (NCCPA)
- Education Assistant Association of Doctors
- British Dentist Association (UKAPA)
- Assistant Association of Israeli Doctors
- Doctor Assistant Forum
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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