Nikola Tesla ( ; Serbian Cyrillic: ?????????? Serbo -Choice pronunciation: Ã, [niko: la tesla] ; July 10, 1856 - January 7, 1943) is a Serbian-American inventor, electrical engineers, mechanical engineers, physicists, and futurists renowned for their contribution to the design of modern alternating current (AC) power supply systems.
Born and raised in the Austrian Empire, Tesla received advanced education in engineering and physics in the 1870s and gained practical experience in the early 1880s working on the telephone and at Continental Edison in the new electric power industry. He emigrated to the United States in 1884, where he would become a naturalized citizen. He worked for a short time at Edison Machine Works in New York City before he attacked himself. With the help of partners to finance and market his ideas, Tesla set up laboratories and companies in New York to develop various electrical and mechanical devices. An alternating current (AC) induction motor and an associated AC polyphase patent, licensed by Westinghouse Electric in 1888, earned him a large sum of money and became the cornerstone of the polyphase system eventually marketed by the company.
Seeking to develop patented and marketable inventions, Tesla conducted experiments with mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging. He also built boats without wireless control, one of the first to be exhibited. Tesla became famous as an inventor and will showcase her achievements for celebrities and wealthy customers in her lab, and is renowned for her playing skills in public lectures.
Throughout the 1890s, Tesla pursued its ideas for wireless lighting and wireless power distribution worldwide in high-frequency, high-frequency electric experiments in New York and Colorado Springs. In 1893, he made a statement about the possibility of wireless communication with his device. Tesla tries to put these ideas for practical use in the unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower project, intercontinental wireless communications and power transmitters, but runs out of funds before he can get it done.
After Wardenclyffe, Tesla went on to try to develop a series of discoveries in the 1910s and 1920s with varying degrees of success. After spending most of his money, he lives in a number of New York hotels, leaving unpaid bills. Tesla died in New York City in January 1943. His work fell into relative obscurity after his death, but in 1960, the General Conference on Weights and Sizes named SI units of magnetic flux density tesla in his honor. There has been a renewed interest in Tesla since the 1990s.
Video Nikola Tesla
Initial years
Nikola Tesla was born as an ethnic Serb in the village of Smiljan, Lika region, in the Austrian Empire (now Croatia), on July 10 [O.S. 28 June] 1856. His father, Milutin Tesla (1819-1879), was an Eastern Orthodox priest. Mrs. Tesla ,? Uka Tesla (nÃÆ' Â © e Bath?; 1822-1892), whose father is also an Orthodox priest, has a knack for making home-made tools and mechanical equipment and the ability to memorize Serbic epic poems. uka never received any formal education. Tesla praised her eidetic memory and creative ability for her mother's genetics and influences. Progenitor Tesla comes from western Serbia, near Montenegro.
Tesla is the fourth of five children. He has three sisters, Milka, Angelina and Marica, and a brother named Dane, who was killed in a riding accident when Tesla was five years old. In 1861, Tesla studied at an elementary school in Smiljan where he studied German, arithmetic, and religion. In 1862, the Tesla family moved to the nearest Gospi ?, Lika where Tesla's father worked as a parish priest. Nikola finished elementary school, followed by high school.
In 1870, Tesla moved far north to Karlovac to attend high school at Real Higher Gymnasium. Classes are held in German, because it is a school within the Austro-Hungarian Military Border.
Tesla later wrote that he was interested in electric demonstrations by professor of physics. Tesla noted that this "mysterious phenomenon" demonstration made him want to "know more about this great power". Tesla was able to perform integral calculus on her head, which prompted her teacher to believe she was cheating. He completed a four-year term in three years, graduating in 1873.
In 1873, Tesla returned to Smiljan. Shortly after he arrived, he suffered from cholera, lying in bed for nine months and nearly died several times. Tesla's father, in desperation, (who first wanted him to enter the priesthood) promised to send him to the best technical school if he recovered from his illness.
In 1874, Tesla avoided conscription to the Austrian-Hungarian Army in Smiljan by fleeing from southeast Lika to Tomingaj, near Gra? C. There he scours the mountains wearing hunting clothes. Tesla says that contact with nature makes it stronger, both physically and mentally. He read many books while in Tomingaj and later said that Mark Twain's work has helped him miraculously recover from his previous illness.
In 1875, Tesla enrolled at the Austrian Polytechnic in Graz, Austria, on a Frontier Military scholarship. During his first year, Tesla never missed college, earned top marks, passed nine exams (nearly twice as many as required), started a Serbian cultural club, and even received a letter of praise from the dean of the engineering faculty for his father, who stated, "Your son is the star of the first rank. " During the second year, Tesla had a conflict with Professor Poeschl over the Gramme dynamo, when Tesla suggested that commutators were not needed.
Tesla claims that she works from 3 am to 11 pm, no Sundays or holidays are excluded. He "felt ashamed when his [father] made the light of honor they got." After the death of his father in 1879, Tesla found a package of letters from his professors to his father, warning that unless he was expelled from school, Tesla would die of too much work. By the end of the second year, Tesla lost a scholarship and became addicted to gambling. During her third year, Tesla risked her pocket money and college money, then risked her early losses and restored her balance to her family. Tesla said that he "conquered his passion at that time and there," but later in the US he was again known to play billiards. When the exam time arrived, Tesla was not ready and asked for an extension to study, but was rejected. He did not receive grades for the last semester of the third year and he never graduated from university.
In December 1878, Tesla left Graz and severed all ties with his family to hide the fact that he dropped out of school. His friends thought he had drowned in the nearby Mur River. Tesla moved to Maribor, where he worked as a draftsman for 60 florins per month. He spends his free time playing cards with local men on the streets.
In March 1879, Tesla's father went to Maribor to ask his son to go home, but he refused. Nikola suffered a nervous breakdown around the same time. On March 24, 1879, Tesla returned to Gospi? under police supervision for not having a residence permit.
On April 17, 1879, Milutin Tesla died at the age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness. Some sources say that he died of a stroke. During that year, Tesla taught a large class of students at his old school in Gospi ?.
In January 1880, two uncle Tesla collected enough money to help him leave the Gospi? for Prague, where he studied. He arrived late to enroll at Charles-Ferdinand University; he never learned Greek, the subject needed; and he is illiterate in the Czech Republic, another subject is needed. Tesla, however, attended philosophy lectures at the university as an auditor and she did not receive grades for the course.
Working on the Budapest Telephone Exchange
In 1881, Tesla moved to Budapest, Hungary, to work under Tivadar Puskás in a telegraph company, the Budapest Telephone Exchange. Upon arriving there, Tesla realized that the company, which was still under construction, did not work, so she worked as a draftsman at the Central Telegraph Office. Within a few months, the Budapest Telephone Exchange became functional, and Tesla was allocated the position of an electrician. During work, Tesla made many improvements to Central Station equipment and claimed to have perfected a repeater or telephone amplifier, which was never patented or publicly described.
Maps Nikola Tesla
Working in Edison
In 1882, Tivadar PuskÃÆ'¡s got another Tesla job in Paris with Continental Edison Company. Tesla began working on what became a new industry, installing indoor incandescent lights throughout the city in the form of electric utilities. The company has several subdivisions and Tesla works at Socià © à © tà © à © Electrique Edison, a suburb of Ivry-sur-Seine in Paris who is in charge of installing a lighting system. There he gained much practical experience in the field of electrical engineering. Management noticed his sophisticated knowledge in engineering and physics and soon made him design and build better versions to produce dynamos and motors. They also sent him to solve engineering problems at other Edison utilities built around France and in Germany.
Move to AS
In 1884, Edison's manager Charles Batchelor, who oversaw the installation of Paris, was brought back to the US to manage Edison Machine Works, a manufacturing division located in New York City, and asked Tesla to be brought to the United States as well. In June 1884, Tesla emigrated to the United States. He began working almost immediately at Machine Works on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, a shop packed with labor of several hundred machinists, laborers, management staff, and 20 "field engineers" struggling with the task of building a large electric utility in the city.. Like in Paris, Tesla works on troubleshooting installations and improves generators. Historian W. Bernard Carlson notes that Tesla may have met the company founder, Thomas Alva Edison, only a few times. One of those times was recorded in Tesla's autobiography where, after staying up all night fixing the damaged dinamos on an Oregon navy ship, he met Batchelor and Edison, who made their "Paris" outcry all night. After Tesla told them he'd been up all night fixing Edison had commented to Batchelor that "this is a damned good man." One of the projects given to Tesla is developing a street lighting system based on arc lamps. Arc Lighting is the most popular type of street lighting but requires high voltage and does not comply with Edison's low voltage incandescent system, causing the company to lose contracts in cities that want street lighting as well. Tesla's design was never put into production, possibly due to technical improvements in street lighting incandescent or due to an installation deal cut by Edison with the arc lighting company.
Tesla has worked at the Working Machine for a total of six months when he stopped. What events caused his departure was not clear. That may be more than a bonus he did not receive, either for redesigning the generator or for the stored arc lighting system. Tesla had previous experience with the Edison company about the unpaid bonus he believes he has earned. In his own biography, Tesla states that the Edison Machine Works manager offered a $ 50,000 bonus for designing "twenty-four types of standard machines", "but it turned out to be a practical joke." Subsequent versions of this story have Thomas Edison himself who offers and then breaks the deal, raving "Tesla, you do not understand our American humor." The bonus size in one of the stories has been noted as bizarre since Machine Works manager Batchelor stingy with salary and the company has no cash amount (equivalent to $ 12 million today) on hand. Tesla's diary contains only one comment on what happened at the end of his work, a note he wrote on two pages covering December 7, 1884, until January 4, 1885, saying "Good by Edison Machine Works".
![The True Story of Nikola Tesla [Pt.1] - YouTube](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_sEZV3jVpFSsLj26t0fJ8MfH4An5EHH2wkCHqrVzb2nhHa9hi2B8qdl4haSRmfImybnHZtlMaqJD2qily9uT11DyxzcdcLl7mRo7hfEIssJZR5bfGioYXk_9bGjYhpomG3R8-kaV5ixvw=s0-d "The True Story of Nikola Tesla [Pt.1] - YouTube")
Tesla Electric Light & amp; Manufacturing
Soon after leaving the Edison company, Tesla worked to patent the arc lighting system, probably the same one he developed at Edison. In March 1885, he met with patent lawyer Lemuel W. Serrell, the same lawyer used by Edison, to get help by filing a patent. Serrell introduced Tesla to two entrepreneurs, Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail, who agreed to finance the manufacturing of arc lighting and utility companies in the name Tesla, Tesla Electric Light & amp; Manufacture. Tesla worked for the rest of the year obtaining a patent that included an upgraded DC generator, the first patent issued to Tesla in the US, and building and installing systems in Rahway, New Jersey Tesla's new system gets notices in the technical press, commenting on its sophisticated features.
The investors showed little interest in Tesla's idea for a new type of current turnaround motor and power transmission equipment. After the utilities began operating in 1886, they decided that the manufacturing side of the business was too competitive and chose to run only electric utilities. They form a new utility company, leave the Tesla company and leave the inventor without a penny. Tesla even lost control of the patents he generated, because he had assigned them to the company to exchange for shares. He has to work in various electrical repair jobs and as a trench digger for $ 2 a day. Later in life Tesla will retell the section of 1886 as a time of trouble, writing "My higher education in various branches of science, mechanics and literature seems to me like a mockery".
AC and induction motor
In late 1886, Tesla met Alfred S. Brown, a Western Union supervisor, and New York lawyer Charles F. Peck. Both men are experienced in setting up companies and promoting inventions and patents for financial gain. Based on Tesla's new ideas for electrical equipment, including the idea of ​​thermo-magnetic motors, they agreed to support the inventor financially and handle his patents. Together they formed the Tesla Electric Company in April 1887, with the agreement that the profits from the patent produced would be 1/3 to Tesla, 1/3 to Peck and Brown, and 1/3 to finance the construction. They set up a laboratory for Tesla at 89 Liberty Street in Manhattan, where he worked on improving and developing types of electric motors, generators, and other devices.
In 1887, Tesla developed an induction motor running on alternating current (AC), a rapidly growing power system format in Europe and the United States due to its superiority in high-voltage long-distance transmission. The motor uses polyphase current, which produces a rotating magnetic field to turn on the motor (a principle which Tesla claimed was compiled in 1882). This innovative electric motor, patented in May 1888, is a simple self-starting design that does not require a commutator, thus avoiding sparks and high maintenance constantly repairing and replacing mechanical brushes.
Along with getting a patented motor, Peck and Brown are set to get the motor published, starting with independent testing to verify it is a functional improvement, followed by a press release sent to technical publications for the article running along with the patent problem. Physicist William Arnold Anthony (who tested the bike) and editor of the Electric World magazine Thomas Commerford Martin set up Tesla to demonstrate his AC motor on May 16, 1888 at the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. Engineer working for Westinghouse Electric & amp; The Manufacturing Company reported to George Westinghouse that Tesla had a decent AC motor and associated power system - something that Westinghouse needed for the alternating current system it had marketed. Westinghouse looked into obtaining a patent on a less commutator-based induction-based induction motor developed in 1885 and presented in a paper in March 1888 by the Italian physicist Galileo Ferraris, but decided that Tesla's patent might control the market.
In July 1888, Brown and Peck negotiated a license deal with George Westinghouse for Tesla polyphase induction motors and a transformer design for $ 60,000 in cash and stock and a $ 2.50 royalty per AC horsepower generated by each motor. Westinghouse also hires Tesla for a year at a cost of $ 2,000 ($ 54,500 in today's dollars) per month to become a consultant at Westinghouse Electric & amp; Pittsburgh Laboratory Manufacturing Company.
During the year, Tesla worked in Pittsburgh, helping to create an alternating current system to drive city trams. He found it a frustrating period due to conflict with other Westinghouse engineers about the best way to implement AC power. Among them, they settled on a 60-cycle AC system that Tesla proposed (to match the working frequency of the Tesla motor), but they soon discovered that it would not work for the tram, since Tesla's induction motor could run only at a constant speed. They end up using a DC traction motor instead.
Market turmoil
Tesla's demonstration of its induction motor and subsequent Westinghouse patent licenses, both in 1888, came at a time of extreme competition between power companies. The three big companies, Westinghouse, Edison, and Thompson-Houston, are trying to grow in a capital-intensive business while financially underestimating each other. There is even a propaganda campaign "War of Currents" that goes with Edison Electric who is trying to claim their current system is better and safer than the alternating current system Westinghouse. Competing in this market means Westinghouse will not have any cash or engineering resources to develop Tesla motors and associated polyphase systems soon.
Two years after signing Tesla's contract, Westinghouse Electric was in trouble. The devastation near Barings Bank in London triggered financial panic in 1890, causing investors to call their loans to W.E. Shortage of money suddenly forced the company to refinance its debt. The new lenders demanded Westinghouse reduce what seemed like excessive spending for other companies' acquisitions, research, and patents, including royalties per motor in Tesla's contract. At that point, Tesla's induction motor did not work and got stuck in development. Westinghouse pays a guaranteed royalty of $ 15,000 per year even though the example of motorcycle operations is rare and the polyphase power system needed to run it is even rarer. In early 1891, George Westinghouse explained his financial difficulties to Tesla in glaring terms, saying that, if he did not meet the demands of his lender, he would no longer control Westinghouse Electric and Tesla had to "deal with bankers." "to try to collect royalties in the future.The advantage of having Westinghouse continue to fight for a motor might seem obvious to Tesla and he agreed to release the company from the royalty payout clause in the contract.60 Six years later Westinghouse will buy Tesla's patent for a $ 216,000 payment as well as part of the agreement a patent-sharing signed with General Electric (a company created from the merger of 1892 Edison and Thompson-Houston).
New York Laboratory
Tesla's money made from an AC patent license makes it self-reliant rich and gives him time and funds to pursue his own interests. In 1889, Tesla moved from Liberty Street store, Peck and Brown, hired and for the next dozen years would work from a series of workshop/laboratory space in Manhattan. These include laboratories at 175 Grand Street (1889-1892), fourth floor 33-35 South Fifth Avenue (1892-1895), and sixth and seventh floors of 46 & amp; 48 East Houston Street (1895-1902). Tesla and her hired staff will do some of her most significant work in the workshop.
Tesla coil
In the summer of 1889, Tesla traveled to the 1889 Exposition Universelle in Paris and studied the 1886-88 Heinrich Hertz experiment which proved the existence of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves. Tesla found the new discovery "refreshing" and decided to explore it more fully. In repeating, and then expanding, this experiment, Tesla attempted to light the Ruhmkorff coil with the high-speed alternator he had developed as part of an improved arc lighting system but found that the current high frequency overheated the iron core and melted the insulation between the primary and secondary windings in coil. To fix this problem Tesla comes with a Tesla coil with an air gap instead of an insulating material between the primary and secondary windings and an iron core that can be moved to a different position inside or out of the coil.
Citizenship
On July 30, 1891, aged 35, Tesla became a naturalized American citizen. That same year, he patented his Tesla coil.
Wireless lighting
After 1890, Tesla experimented with power transmission with inductive and capacitive coupling using the high AC voltage generated with his Tesla coil. He sought to develop a wireless lighting system based on inductive and capacitive near-field coupling and conducted a series of public demonstrations in which he lit the Geissler tube and even an incandescent bulb from across the stage. He will spend most of the decade working on this new variety of lighting forms with the help of various investors but no effort has succeeded in making commercial products out of his findings.
In 1893 at St. Louis, Missouri, the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the National Electric Light Association, Tesla told the audience that he believed a system like him could eventually perform "clear signal or even power for any distance without using a cable" by doing it via Earth.
Tesla served as vice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers from 1892 to 1894, a modern IEEE pioneer (together with the Institute of Radio Engineers).
Steam-powered oscillating generator
Trying to come up with a better way to generate alternating current, Tesla developed a steam-powered reciprocating power generator. He patented it in 1893 and introduced it to the Chicago World Expo that year. Steam will be forced into the oscillator and rushes out through a series of ports, pushing the piston up and down attached to the armature. Magnetic armature vibrates up and down at high speed, generating an alternating magnetic field. This alternating current is induced in a wire coil located adjacent. That's a long way with the complicated parts of a steam engine/generator, but it's never caught as a viable engineering solution for generating electricity.
and Exposition Columbian
Early in 1893, Westinghouse engineer Benjamin Lamme had made great progress in developing an efficient version of the Tesla induction motor, and Westinghouse Electric started branding their complete AC polyphase system as a "Tesla Polyphase System". They believe that Tesla's patents give them patent priority over other AC systems.
Westinghouse Electric asked Tesla to participate in the Columbian World Expo in 1893 in Chicago where the company had a large hall in a building devoted to an electric exhibition. Westinghouse Electric wins the bid to ignite Exposures with alternating currents and it is a key event in the history of AC power, as the company shows the American public the safety, reliability, and efficiency of a fully integrated, alternating current system. Tesla demonstrates a series of electric effects associated with alternating current and wireless lighting systems, using demonstrations that he did previously throughout America and Europe; This includes using high voltage, high frequency alternating current to power a wireless gas-discharge lamp.
An observer noted:
Inside the room was suspended two hard rubber plates covered with tin foil. The distance is about fifteen meters, and serves as the lead cable terminal of the transformer. When the currents are switched on, lights or tubes, which have no cables connected to them, but lying on the table between the hanging plates, or which may be held in the hand in almost every part of the room, are made to glow. This was the same experiment and the same equipment shown by Tesla in London about two years earlier, "where they produced so many miracles and wonderments".
Tesla also explained the principles of the rotating magnetic field in the induction motor by showing how to make copper eggs stand at the end, using a device he built known as the Egg of Columbus and introducing his new steam. AC powered generator oscillator.
Consult in Niagara
In 1893, Edward Dean Adams, who headed the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company, sought Tesla's opinion on what systems are best for transmitting the power generated at the waterfall. For several years, there has been a series of open proposals and competitions on how best to use the power generated by waterfalls. Among the systems proposed by several US and European companies are two phase and three phase AC, DC high voltage, and compressed air. Adams pumps Tesla for information on the current state of all competing systems. Tesla advised Adams that a two-phase system would be the most reliable, and that there was a Westinghouse system to turn on incandescent lamps using two-phase alternating current. The company awarded a contract to Westinghouse Electric to build a two-phase AC generating system at Niagara Falls, based on Tesla's advice and Westinghouse demonstrations at the Columbus Exhibition that they can build a complete air-conditioning system. At the same time, the next contract was awarded to General Electric to build an air-conditioning distribution system.
Company Nikola Tesla
In 1895, Edward Dean Adams, impressed by what he saw when he visited Tesla's lab, agreed to help set up the Nikola Tesla Company, arranging to fund, develop, and market various previous and new Tesla patents and discoveries. Alfred Brown signed, carrying a patent developed under Peck and Brown. The board is filled with William Birch Rankine and Charles F. Coaney. It found some investors; The mid-1890s were a tough time financially, and the wireless lights and patent oscillators were set up for a market that never came out. The company will handle Tesla's patents for decades to come.
Fire lab
In the early hours of March 13, 1895, the South Fifth Avenue building that housed Tesla's lab was on fire. It started in the basement of the building and the lab of 4th floor Tesla which was very intense burning and falling to the second floor. The fire not only rearranges the ongoing Tesla project, it destroys the collection of early notes and research materials, models, and pieces of demonstrations, including many that have been exhibited in the 1893 Colombia Exhibition. Tesla told The New York Times I'm too sad to talk What can I say? " After the fire Tesla moved to 46 & amp; 48 East Houston Street and rebuild its lab on the 6th and 7th floors.
X-ray Experiment
Beginning in 1894, Tesla began to investigate what he called a "invisible" type of energy after he saw the damaged film in his laboratory in an earlier experiment (later identified as "Roentgen ray" or "X-ray" "). Initial experiments with Crookes tube, cold cathode electric discharge tubes. Tesla may have inadvertently captured an X-ray image - preceding, by a few weeks, the announcement of Wilhelm RÃÆ'¶ntgen in December 1895 on the discovery of x-rays - when he tried to capture Mark Twain illuminated by the Geissler tube, formerly a type of gas release tube. The only one caught in the picture is the metal lock screw on the camera lens.
In March 1896, after hearing the discovery of X-ray discovery and X-ray imaging (radiography) Wilhelm Röntgen, Tesla went on to conduct his own experiments in X-ray imaging, developing a single high-energy terminal vacuum tube from his own design. which has no target electrode and that works from the Tesla Coil (modern term for phenomena generated by this device is
Tesla notes the dangers of working with circuits and devices producing single X-ray nodes. In many of his notes about the initial investigation of this phenomenon, it connects skin damage to various causes. He believed from the start that the damage to the skin was not caused by Roentgen rays, but by ozone resulting from contact with the skin, and to a lesser extent, by nitric acid. Tesla incorrectly believes that X-rays are longitudinal waves, just like the waves generated in the plasma. These plasma waves can occur in a force-free magnetic field.
On July 11, 1934, the New York Herald Tribune published an article on Tesla, where he recalled an event that would sometimes occur while experimenting with a single-vacuum electrode tube; one minute particle will break the cathode, pass from the tube, and physically attack it:
Tesla says she can feel the sharp stinging pain in which it enters her body, and again in the place where she fainted. In comparing these particles with pieces of metal projected by the "electric gun," Tesla says, "The particles in the jet of power... will travel much faster than such particles... and they will travel in concentration. "
Radio remote control
In 1898, Tesla demonstrated a boat that uses a coherent-based radio control - dubbed "telautomaton" - to the public during an electric exhibition at Madison Square Garden. The crowd that witnessed the demonstration made exaggerated claims about the workings of the boat, such as magic, telepathy, and steered by a trained monkey hidden inside. Tesla tried to sell his idea to the US military as a radio-controlled torpedo, but they showed little interest. Remote radio control remained new until World War I and thereafter, when a number of countries used it in military programs. Tesla took the opportunity to further demonstrate "Teleautomatics" in a speech at a Commercial Club meeting in Chicago, when he traveled to Colorado Springs, on May 13, 1899.
Wireless power
From 1890 to 1906, Tesla spent much of his time and fortune in a series of projects that tried to develop a wireless power transmission. It is an extension of his idea using a coil to transmit the power he has shown in wireless lighting. He sees this as not only a way to send massive power to the rest of the world, but also, as he pointed out in his previous lectures, a way to transmit worldwide communications.
By the time Tesla formulates his ideas, there is no viable way to transmit communications signals wirelessly over long distances, let alone a large amount of power. Tesla had been studying radio waves since the beginning, and came to the conclusion that part of the study that existed on them, by Hertz, was incorrect. Also, this new form of radiation is widely considered at the time as a short-range phenomenon that seems to be dead in less than a mile. Tesla notes that, even if the theory on radio waves is true, they are absolutely worthless for the intended purpose because this form of "invisible light" will be reduced in distance to other radiation and will travel in a straight line out into space, becoming "desperate lost ".
In the mid-1890s, Tesla was working on the idea that he might be able to conduct long-range electricity through the Earth or atmosphere, and began work on experiments to test this idea including setting up a massive resonance transformer transmitter in his East Houston. Street lab. Seen to borrow from a general idea at a time when the Earth's atmosphere is conductive, it proposes a system consisting of balloons that suspend, transmit, and receive, an electrode in the air above 30,000 feet (9,100 m) at altitude, where it thinks that pressure lower will allow him to send high voltages (millions of volts) remotely.
Colorado Springs
To learn more about the conductive properties of low-pressure air, Tesla set up an experimental station at high altitudes in Colorado Springs during 1899. There he could safely operate a much larger coil than in his New York lab space and a colleague has made arrangements for the El Paso Electric Company to provide alternating-free no-cost alternatives. To finance his experiment, he convinced John Jacob Astor IV to invest $ 100,000 to become a majority shareholder in Nikola Tesla Company. Astor thought he mainly invested in a new wireless lighting system. Instead, Tesla uses the money to finance his Colorado Springs experiment. Upon his arrival, he told reporters that he planned to conduct a wireless telegraphy experiment, sending signals from Pikes Peak to Paris.
There he experimented with large coils operating in the megavolts range, producing artificial lightning (and thunder) consisting of millions of volts and up to 135 feet (41 m) long discharge and, at one point, accidentally burning generators in El Paso , causing power outages. His observations on electronic sounds from the lightning strikes, led him (wrongly) to conclude that he could use the entire globe to conduct electrical energy.
During his time in his laboratory, Tesla observed an unusual signal from a receiver he thought to be communicating from another planet. He mentions them in a letter to a reporter in December 1899 and to the Red Cross Society in December 1900. The journalists treated him as a sensational story and jumped to the conclusion Tesla heard the signal from Mars. He expanded the signal he heard in the February 9, 1901 Collier's Weekly article "Speaking With the Planet" in which he said it was not clear to him that he had heard "intelligently controlled signals" and that signals could be from Mars, Venus , or another planet. It has been hypothesized that he might have intercepted Guglielmo Marconi's experiment in Europe in July 1899 - Marconi may have sent a S (dot/dot/dot) letter in a naval demonstration, the same three impulses Tesla indicated at a trial in Colorado - or a signal from another experiment in wireless transmission.
Tesla has an agreement with the editor of The Century Magazine to produce an article about her findings. The magazine sent a photographer to Colorado to photograph the work being done there. The article, entitled "The Problem of Increasing Human Energy", appeared in the June 1900 issue of magazine. He explained the benefits of the wireless system he envisioned but the article was more of a long philosophical treatise than a comprehensible scientific description of his work, illustrated by what was drawn iconic Tesla and his Colorado Springs experiment.
Wardenclyffe
Tesla made the rounds in New York trying to find investors for what he thought would be a viable wireless transmission system, winning and eating them at the Waldorf-Astoria's Palm Garden (the hotel where he lived), The Players Club and Delmonico. In March 1901, he earned $ 150,000 ($ 4,412,400 in dollars today) from J. Pierpont Morgan in return for a 51% share of any wireless patents produced, and began planning the Wardenclyffe Tower facility to be built in Shoreham, New York, 100 miles (161 km) east of the city on the North Coast of Long Island.
In July 1901, Tesla had expanded his plans to build a stronger transmitter to jump ahead of Marconi's radio-based system, which Tesla thought was a copy of his own system. He approached Morgan to ask for more money to build a larger system but Morgan refused to provide any further funds. In December 1901, Marconi managed to send an S letter from England to Newfoundland, defeating Tesla in the race to be the first to complete such a transmission. A month after Marconi's success, Tesla tries to make Morgan support a larger plan for sending messages and strengths by controlling "vibrations around the world". For the next five years, Tesla wrote over 50 letters to Morgan, pleaded and demanded additional funds to complete the construction of Wardenclyffe. Tesla continued the project for nine months to 1902. The tower was erected up to 187 feet full (57 m). In June 1902, Tesla moved his lab operations from Houston Street to Wardenclyffe.
Investors on Wall Street put their money into Marconi's system, and some in the media began to turn against the Tesla project, claiming it was a hoax. The project ceased in 1905, and in 1906, financial problems and other events may have caused what the biographer Tesla Marc J. Seifer suspected was a nervous breakdown on Tesla's part. Tesla mortgaged the Wardenclyffe property to cover its debt at the Waldorf-Astoria, which eventually rose to $ 20,000 ($ 488,600 in today's dollars). He lost property in foreclosures in 1915, and in 1917 the Tower was destroyed by new owners to make the land a more viable real estate asset.
Next year
After Wardencyiffe was closed, Tesla continued writing to Morgan; after the "great man" died, Tesla wrote to Morgan's son Jack trying to raise further funds for the project. In 1906, Tesla opened an office on 165 Broadway in Manhattan, trying to raise further funds by developing and marketing his patent. He then had offices in the Metropolitan Life Tower from 1910 to 1914; rented for several months at the Woolworth Building, moved out because he could not afford to pay the rent; and then to an office space on 8 West 40th Street from 1915 to 1925. After moving to 8 West 40th Street, he went bankrupt effectively. Most of his patents have been exhausted and he is having trouble with the new discovery he is trying to develop.
Bladeless turbines
On its 50th birthday, in 1906, Tesla demonstrated a powerless turbine of 200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 16,000 rpm. During 1910-1911 at Waterside Power Station in New York, several turbine engines without blues were tested at 100-5,000 hp. Tesla worked with several companies including the 1919-1922 period working in Milwaukee for Allis-Chalmers. He spent most of his time trying to perfect the Tesla turbine with Hans Dahlstrand, chief engineer at the company, but engineering difficulties meant it was never made into a practical tool. Tesla licensed the idea for precision instrument companies and found use in the form of luxury car speedometers and other instruments.
Wireless lawsuits
When World War I broke out, the British intercepted transatlantic telegraph cables connecting the US with Germany to control the flow of information between the two countries. They also tried to turn off German wireless communications to and from the US by requesting US Marconi Company to sue German radio company Telefunken for patent infringement. Telefunken brought in physicists Jonathan Zenneck and Karl Ferdinand Braun for their defense, and hired Tesla as a two-year witness for $ 1,000 a month. The case stalled and then went debated when the US entered the war against Germany in 1917.
In 1915, Tesla attempted to sue Marconi Company for infringement of its wireless tuning patent. Marconi's first radio patent was granted in the United States in 1897, but his patent filing in 1900 which included improvements to radio transmissions had been rejected several times, before being approved in 1904, arguing that it violated other existing patents including two years 1897.Tesla tuning wireless power patent. The Tesla 1915 case is nowhere to be found, but in the related case, where Marconi Company tried to sue the US government for infringement of World War I patents, the US Supreme Court's decision of 1943 restored previous patents from Oliver Lodge, John Stone, and Tesla. The court stated that their decision was not related to Marconi's claim as the first to achieve radio transmissions, only since Marconi's claim for certain patented fixes was questioned, the company could not claim infringement on the same patent.
Nobel Prize Rumors
On November 6, 1915, the Reuters news agency report from London was awarded the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics awarded to Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla; However, on November 15, a Reuters story from Stockholm stated the prize of the year was given to Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg "for their service in the analysis of crystal structures through X-rays." There were unfounded rumors at the time that Tesla or Edison rejected the reward. The Nobel Foundation says, "There are rumors that someone has not been awarded the Nobel Prize because he has told his intention to refuse the prize is ridiculous"; the recipient may refuse the Nobel Prize only after he is announced as the winner.
There is subsequent claim by Tesla biographer that Edison and Tesla are the original recipients and that no one is rewarded for their animosity towards each other; that each strives to minimize achievement and the right to win an award; that both refuse to receive the award if others accept it first; that both reject the possibility to share it; and even rich Edison refused to keep Tesla from getting a $ 20,000 prize money.
In the years following these rumors, both Tesla and Edison won prizes (though Edison received one of 38 possible bids in 1915 and Tesla received one of 38 possible bids in 1937).
Other ideas, awards and patents
Tesla has won many medals and awards over the years. They include:
- The Order of St. Sava, Class II, Government of Serbia (1892)
- Elliott Cresson Medal (1894)
- Order of Prince Danilo I (1895)
- AIEE Edison Medal (1917).
- The Order of St. Sava, Class I, Yugoslav Government (1926)
- Crown of Yugoslavia (1931)
- John Scott Medal (1934)
- The order of the White Eagle, Class I, Yugoslav Government (1936)
- The Order of the White Lion, My Class, The Government of Czechoslovakia (1937)
- University of Paris Medal (1937)
- St. University Medal Clement of Ochrida, Sofia, Bulgaria (1939)
Tesla tries to market several devices based on ozone production. These include the 1900 Ola Tesla Company that sells patented devices in 1896 based on its Tesla Coil, which is used to bubble ozone through various types of oils to make therapeutic gels. He also tried to develop this variation a few years later as a freshener for the hospital.
Tesla theorizes that electrical applications to the brain increase intelligence. In 1912, he made "a plan to make students boring light by stuffing them unconsciously with electricity," installing cables in the schoolroom and, "saturating [the schoolroom] with very small electric waves vibrating at high frequencies. would be, Mr. Tesla claimed, transformed into an electromagnetic field that gives and stimulates health or 'bathing'. "The plan, at least temporarily, was approved by New York City school supervisor William H. Maxwell.
Before World War I, Tesla was looking for overseas investors. After the war began, Tesla lost the funds he received from his patents in European countries.
In the August 1917 issue of Electrical Experimenter, Tesla postulated that electricity could be used to find submarines through the use of reflections from "electric rays" of "extraordinary frequencies," with signals seen on fluorescent screens has been noted to have a superficial resemblance to modern radar). Tesla is wrong in his assumption that high-frequency radio waves will penetrate the water. Girardeau miles, which helped develop the first French radar system in the 1930s, noted in 1953 that Tesla's general speculation that a very strong high-frequency signal would be needed was true. Girardeau said, "(Tesla) is prophesying or dreaming, because he has no means to carry it out, but one must add that if he dreams, at least he dreams right."
In 1928, Tesla received the US. Patent 1,655,114 , for biplanes capable of taking off vertically (VTOL aircraft) and then being " gradually tilted through elevator device manipulation " in flight to flying like a conventional aircraft. Tesla thought the plane would sell for less than $ 1,000, although the plane was illustrated as impractical. This will be his last patent. and Tesla currently closes his last office at 350 Madison Ave., which he had moved to two years earlier.
Living conditions
Since 1900, Tesla has lived at the Waldorf Astoria in New York with a huge bill. In 1922, he moved to St. Regis Hotel and will follow the pattern from moving to a new hotel every few years leaving unpaid bills.
Tesla will walk into the park every day to feed the pigeons. She takes to feed them at her hotel room window and brings the wounded to the nurse back to health. He said that he had been visited by a specially wounded white dove every day. Tesla spent more than $ 2,000, including building a device that comfortably supported her so that her bones could heal, to repair her broken wings and legs. Tesla states:
I have fed pigeons, thousands of them over the years. But there is one, beautiful bird, clean white with a light gray tip on its wings; that one is different. It is girl. I just want to hope and call him and he will come to me. I love the pigeon as a man who loves a woman, and she loves me. As long as I have it, there is a purpose in my life.
Unpaid Tesla bills, and complaints about the chaos of eating pigeons, forcing him to leave St. Regis in 1923, Hotel Pennsylvania in 1930, and Governor of Hotel Clinton in 1934. At one point, he also took rooms at the Hotel Marguery.
In 1934, Tesla moved to the New Yorker Hotel, and Westinghouse Electric & amp; The Manufacturing Company starts paying $ 125 per month and paying the rent, the expenses that the Company pays for the rest of Tesla's life. The story of how this happens varies. Some sources say Westinghouse is worried (or warned) about the potential for bad publicity around the poor conditions in which their previous star discoverers lived. Payments have been described as couched as "consultation fees" to get around Tesla's refusal to accept a charity, or by a biographer (Marc Seifer) as an unspecified type of settlement.
Birthday press conference
In 1931, Kenneth Swezey, a young writer who had been associated with Tesla for some time, held a celebration for the inventor's 75th birthday. Tesla received congratulatory letters from over 70 pioneers in science and engineering, including Albert Einstein, and he also appeared on the cover of Time magazine. The cover title "All of its power house world" records its contribution to power generation. The party went so well that Tesla made it an annual event, an occasion where he would spend a lot of food and drink (featuring his own creations) and invite the press to see his discoveries and hear stories about past exploits, views of current events, or sometimes bizarre or confusing claims.
On the occasion of 1932, Tesla claimed he had found a motor that would run on cosmic rays. In 1933, at the age of 77, Tesla told reporters that, after thirty-five years of work, he was on the brink of producing evidence of new forms of energy. He claims it is a theory of energy "strongly challenged" by Einstein's physics, and can be tapped with tools that will be cheap to run and last 500 years. He also told reporters that he was working on ways to transmit private radio waves, make breakthroughs in metallurgy, and develop ways to capture retinas to record thoughts.
At the 1934 party, Tesla told reporters that he had designed a super weapon that he claimed would end all wars. He will call it "teleforce", but is usually referred to as the ray of his death. Tesla describes it as a defensive weapon that will be installed along the border of a country that will be used to attack land infantry or aircraft. Tesla never revealed a detailed plan of how the weapon worked during its lifetime, but in 1984, they appeared in the Nikola Tesla Museum archive in Belgrade. This paper, New Art Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy through Natural Media , describes a vacuum tube with a gas jet seal that allows particles to escape, a tungsten snail or mercury filling method up to millions of volts, and directs it in the flow (via electrostatic repulsion). Tesla tried to attract the attention of the US Department of War, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia in the device.
In 1935, at his 79th birthday party, Tesla covered many topics. He claimed to have discovered a cosmic ray in 1896 and found a way to generate direct current with induction, and made many claims about his mechanical oscillator. Describing the device (which he hoped would generate $ 100 million within two years), he told reporters that his oscillator version had caused an earthquake in 46 labs of East Houston Street and the surrounding streets in downtown New York City in 1898. He continued to notify reporters, the oscillator can destroy the Empire State Building with 5 lbs of air pressure. He also explained the new technique he developed using an oscillator he called "Telegeodynamics", used it to send vibrations into the ground that he claimed would work in the distance to be used for communication or finding underground mineral deposits.
At the 1937 celebration at the Grand Ballroom of the New Yorker Hotel, Tesla received the "Order of the White Lion" from the Czechoslovak ambassador and the medal of the Yugoslav ambassador. On the question of death rays, Tesla states, "But it was not an experiment... I have built, demonstrated and used it." Only a little time will pass before I can give it to the world.
In the fall of 1937, after midnight one night, Tesla left the New Yorker Hotel to make regular trips to the cathedral and the library to feed the pigeons. While crossing the street a few blocks from the hotel, Tesla can not avoid a moving taxi and is thrown to the ground. His back was snatched hard and his three ribs were broken in the accident. The whole wound is never known; Tesla refuses to consult a doctor, a habit that is almost a lifetime, and never fully recovered.
Death
On January 7, 1943, at the age of 86, Tesla died alone in Room 3327 of the New Yorker Hotel. His body was later found by Alice Monaghan's maid after he entered Tesla's room, ignoring the "do not disturb" sign that Tesla had put on his door two days earlier. Assistant medical examiner H.W. Wembley examined the body and decided that the cause of death was coronary thrombosis.
Two days later the Federal Bureau of Investigation ordered the Alien Property Custodian to confiscate Tesla's belongings, even though Tesla was an American citizen. John G. Trump, a professor at M.I.T. and a renowned electrical engineer who served as a technical aide to the National Defense Research Committee, was called in to analyze Tesla's belongings, held in custody. After a three-day investigation, Trump's report concluded that nothing would be harmful in an unfriendly hand, stating:
Thought and effort [Tesla] for at least the last 15 years mainly from speculative, philosophical, and somewhat promotional characters that are often associated with the production and transmission of wireless power; but does not include new principles or methods, which can be applied to realize those results.
In a box supposedly containing parts of Tesla's "death ray", Trump found a 45-year-old multidecade resistance box.
On January 10, 1943, New York City Mayor Fiorello La Guardia read a speech written by Slovenian-American writer Louis Adamic living on WNYC radio while the violin pieces "Ave Maria" and "Tamo daleko" were played in the background. On January 12, two thousand people attended the state funeral for Tesla at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine. After the funeral, Tesla's body was taken to the Ferncliff Cemetery in Ardsley, New York, where it was later cremated. The next day, the second service was performed by prominent priests at the Trinity Chapel (today's Serbian Orthodox Cathedral in Saint Sava) in New York City.
Estate
In 1952, after the pressure of Tesla's niece, Sava Kosanovi ?, the entire Tesla territory was sent to Belgrade in 80 bars marked N.T. In 1957, Kosanovi's secretary, Charlotte Muzar transferred Tesla's ashes from the United States to Belgrade. Ash is displayed in a gold-plated ball on a marble base at the Nikola Tesla Museum.
Patent
Tesla acquired about 300 patents worldwide for his invention. Some Tesla patents are not taken into account, and various sources have found some that are hidden in the patent archive. There are at least 278 patents known to be issued to Tesla in 26 countries. Many Tesla patents are in the United States, Britain, and Canada, but many other patents are approved in countries around the world. Many of the inventions developed by Tesla are not included in patent protection.
Personal life
Tesla works daily starting at 9:00 Ã, a.m. up to 6:00 p.m. or slow, with dinner from 8:10 right, at the Delmonico restaurant and then the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. Tesla will call her dinner order to the headwaiter, which can also be the only one serving her. "The meal should be ready by eight o'clock... He has his own dinner, except on the rare occasions when he will give dinner to the group to fulfill his social obligations.Tesla will then continue his work, often until 3:00 Ã, am "
For sport, Tesla runs between 8 and 10 miles (13 and 16 km) per day. He curled his fingers a hundred times for each leg every night, saying that it stimulated his brain cells.
In an interview with Arthur Brisbane's editor, Tesla said that he did not believe in telepathy, stating, "If I decide to kill you," he says, "In a matter of seconds you'll find out. thoughts get all this? "In the same interview, Tesla says that she believes that all basic laws can be reduced to one.
Tesla became vegetarian in her last years, living only from milk, bread, honey, and vegetable juice.
Appearance
Tesla was 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and weighed 142 pounds (64 kg), with almost no weight difference from 1888 until about 1926. His appearance was described by editor of the Arthur Brisbane newspaper as "almost the tallest, nearly thinnest and certainly the most serious person who goes to Delmonico regularly ". She is an elegant and stylish figure in New York City, very meticulous in her care, clothes, and regular in her daily activities, the performances she maintains to further her business relationship. He is also described as having light eyes, "very large hands", and "huge thumbs".
Eidetic Memory
Tesla reads many works, memorizes full books, and is said to have photographic memories. He is a polyglot, speaks eight languages: Serbo-Croatian, Czech, English, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, and Latin. Tesla is linked in his autobiography that he experiences detailed moments of inspiration. During his childhood, Tesla was repeatedly plagued by illness. He suffered a strange misery in which a blinding flash of light would appear before his eyes, often accompanied by visions. Often, the vision is associated with a word or idea that he may encounter; at other times they will provide solutions to specific problems that he encountered. Just by hearing the name of an object, he will be able to imagine it in realistic detail. Tesla will visualize the discovery in his mind with extreme precision, including all dimensions, before moving to the construction stage, a technique sometimes known as image thinking. He usually does not draw pictures by hand but works from memory. Beginning in his childhood, Tesla often flashbacks to events that have occurred before in his life.
Sleep habits
Tesla claimed to have never slept for more than two hours per night. However, he claimed to "fall asleep" from time to time "to recharge the battery." During his second year of study in Graz, Tesla developed passionate abilities for billiards, chess and card games, sometimes spending more than 48 hours at the gambling table. On one occasion in his laboratory, Tesla worked for 84 hours without a break. Kenneth Swezey, a journalist who has been friends with Tesla, confirms that Tesla rarely sleeps. Swezey recalled one morning when Tesla called her at 3 AM: "I was sleeping in my room like a dead man... Suddenly, the phone rang to wake me up... [Tesla] talking excitedly, with pause, [when he]... working on a problem, comparing one theory with another, remarking, and when he felt he had arrived at the solution, he suddenly hung up. "
Relationships
Tesla never married, explaining that her holiness greatly helped her scientific ability. He once said in previous years that he felt he was not p
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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