Malocclusion

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A malocclusion is the misalignment or false connection between the teeth of two dental arches as they approach each other as the jaw closes. This term was coined by Edward Angle, "the father of modern orthodontics", as a derivative of the occlusion . This refers to the way in which opposing teeth meet ( mal - occlusion = "incorrect occlusion").

Video Malocclusion

Signs and symptoms

Malocclusion is a common finding, although it is usually not serious enough to require treatment. Those with more severe malocclusion, present as part of a Craniofacial Anomaly, may require orthodontic treatment and sometimes surgery (orthognathic surgery) to correct the problem. Malocclusion correction may reduce the risk of tooth decay and help reduce excessive pressure on temporomandibular joints. Orthodontic treatment is also used to harmonize for aesthetic reasons.

Malocclusions may be combined with skeletal facial disharmony, in which the relationship between the upper and lower jaws is not appropriate. Such skeletal disharmony often distorts the patient's facial features, profoundly affecting the aesthetics of the face, and may be combined with mastication or speech problems. Most skeletal maloklusi can only be treated with orthognathic surgery.

Maps Malocclusion

Classification

Depending on the sagittal relationship of the teeth and the jaw, malocclusion can be divided primarily into three types according to the Angle classification system published 1899. However, there are other conditions, such as crowding of teeth , not directly compatible with this classification.

Many authors try to modify or change the Angle classification. This has resulted in many new subtypes and systems (see section below: Review of Angle class system ).

Angle classification method

Edward Angle, considered a modern orthodontist father, was the first to classify malocclusions. He based his classification on the relative positions of the maxillary first molars. According to Angle, the mesiobukal end of the first upper molar must be parallel to the buccal plot of the mandibular first molar. All teeth must fit on the occlusion line which, in the upper arch, is a smooth curve through the central posterior fossa of the posterior teeth and cingulum of the canine and incisors, and in the lower arch, is the smooth curve through the buccal cusp of the posterior tooth and the anterior incisor of the tooth. Each variation of this produces a type of malocclusion. It is also possible to have different malocclusion classes on the left and right sides.

• Class I: Neutrocclusion Here the molar relationship of the normal occlusion or as described for the maxillary first molars, but the other teeth have problems such as distance, crowding, over or under eruption, etc.
• Class II: Distoccusions (retrognathism, overjet, overbite ) In this situation, the mesiobukal tip of the first upper molar is not parallel to the bottom mesiobukal groove of the first molar. Rather it is anterior. Usually the mesiobuccal cusp lies between the first mandibular molars and the second premolar. There are two subtypes:
  • Class II Division 1: The molar relationship is similar to Class II and prominent anterior teeth.
  • Class II Division 2: The molar relationship is Class II but the center is retroclined and the lateral gear is seen to overlap with the center.
• Class III: Mesiocclusion (prognathism, Anterior crossbite, overjet negative, underbite ) In this case, the upper molar is not placed in the mesiobukal but posterior groove. The mesiobukal cusp of the maxillary first molars lies posterior to the mesiobukal groove of the mandibular first molars. Usually seen when the lower front teeth are more prominent than the upper front teeth. In this case the patient very often has a large mandibular or short jawbone.

Review the Angle class system and the alternate system

The main disadvantage of malocclusion grouping according to the Angle system is that it only considers a two-dimensional view along the spatial axis in the sagittal plane in the terminal occlusion, although the occlusion problem is in principle three dimensional. Deviations in other spatial axes, asymmetric deviations, functional errors and other therapeutic features are not recognized. Another shortcoming is the lack of a theoretical foundation of this purely descriptive classification system. Among the weaknesses of the widely discussed system is the fact that it considers only static occlusion, which does not take into account the development and cause (etiology) of occlusion problems and neglect the proportion (or relationship in general) of teeth and confront. Thus, much effort has been made to modify the Angle system or replace it completely with a more efficient, but Angle classification continues to apply mainly because of its simplicity and clarity.

Notable modifications to Angle classification dates back to Martin Dewey (1915) and Benno Lischer (1912, 1933). Alternative systems have been suggested by, among others, Simon (1930, the first three-dimensional classification system), Jacob A. Salzmann (1950, with skeletal structure classification system) and James L. Ackerman and William R. Proffit (1969).

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Dental Crow

Dental Crow is an insufficient space for normal adult dentistry.

Cause

Additional teeth, missing teeth, affected teeth, or abnormally shaped teeth have been referred to as the cause of malocclusion. Less developed jaws, caused by lack of chewing stress during childhood, can cause dental density. Improperly fitted teeth, crowns, equipment, retainers, or braces and misalignment of the jaw fracture after severe injury are other causes. Tumors of the mouth and jaw, thumb sucking, thrusting tongue, use of pacifier outside the age of 3 years, and prolonged use of bottles have also been identified as the cause.

In an experiment on two groups of stone hyraxes feeding a squeezed or softened version of the same food, the softer-fed animals had significantly narrower and shorter faces and thinner and shorter mandibles than hard-fed animals. Experiments have shown similar results in other animals, including primates, supporting the theory that the stress of mastication during childhood affects the development of the jaw. Several studies have shown this effect in humans. Children chew resin sap hard for two hours a day and show an increase in facial growth.

During the transition to agriculture, the human form of the human mandible undergoes a series of changes. The mandible undergoes a series of complex shapes that are not offset by the teeth, causing a discrepancy between the teeth and the mandible's shape. These changes in the human skull may be "driven by the decaying bite force required to chew processed food eaten once humans turn to different types of cereals, milking, and herding animals around 10,000 years ago."

Treatment

Dental crowds are treated with orthodontics, often with tooth extraction, clear alignment, or dental support, followed by modification of growth in children or jaw surgery (orthognathic surgery) in adults. Surgery may be needed on rare occasions. This may include surgical reshaping to lengthen or shorten the jaw (orthognathic surgery). Cables, plates, or screws may be used to secure the jawbone, in a manner similar to a jaw fracture surgical stabilization. Very few people have perfect alignment on their teeth. However, most problems are very small and do not require maintenance.

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Dental discrimination

To establish proper alignment and occlusion, the upper and lower front teeth, or upper and lower teeth in general, should be proportional. Intercepting dental discrepancies (TSDs) are defined as disproportion in mesio-distal dimensions of the teeth of opposite dental arch, which can be seen in 17% to 30% of orthodontic patients.

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Other conditions

Other types of malocclusions can be caused by the size of the teeth or horizontal, vertical, or transverse skeletal disabilities, including skeletal asymmetry. Long faces may cause open bite malocclusions , while short faces may be combined with inoccite ​​malocclusion . However, there are many other common causes for open bites (such as thrusting tongue and thumb sucking), and also for deep bites. Upper or lower jaws may be overgrown or overgrown, causing Class II or Class III malocclusions that may require corrective jaw surgery or orthognathic surgery as part of overall care, which can be seen in about 5% of the general population.

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Cause

Oral habits and pressure on the teeth or upper jaw and mandible are the cause of malocclusion.

In active bone growth, mouthbreathing, finger sucking, thumb sucking, pacifier sucking, onychophagia (biting nails), dermatophagia, biting pens, biting pencils, abnormal postures, deglutition disorders and other habits strongly influence the development of facial and dental arches.

Sucking dot habits are also correlated with otitis media.

Tooth caries, periapical inflammation and tooth loss in deciduous teeth alter correct permanent dental eruptions.

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See also

• Maximum interception
• Occlusion (dentistry)
• Elastic
• Crossbite

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References

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External links

Source of the article : Wikipedia