The Internet in the United States grew out of the ARPANET, a network sponsored by the US Department of Defense Advanced Research Project Agency during the 1960s. The Internet in the United States in turn provides the foundation for the Internet around the world today. Internet access in the United States is largely provided by the private sector and available in various forms, using various technologies, at various speeds and costs. By 2015, 97.5% of Americans use the Internet, which ranks 4th US from 211 countries in the world. The United States ranked # 1 in the world with 7,000 Internet Service Providers (ISPs) according to the CIA.
Top level internet-specific domain names for the US include.us,.edu,.gov,.mil,.as (American Samoa),.gu (Guam),.mp (Northern Mariana Islands),.pr (Puerto Rico), and.vi (US Virgin Islands). Many US-based organizations and individuals also use generic top-level domains, such as.com,.net,.org,.name, etc.
Video Internet in the United States
Overview
Access and speed
Access to the Internet can be divided into dial-up and broadband access. Around the beginning of the 21st century, most of the housing access is by dial-up, while access from business is usually by a higher speed connection. In the following years, dial-up declined for broadband access. Both types of access generally use modems, which convert digital data into analogs for transmission over a particular analog network (eg Telephone or wired network).
Dial-up access is a connection to the Internet through a telephone line, creating a semi-permanent link to the Internet. Operating on one channel, monopolizing phone lines and is the slowest method of accessing the Internet. Dial-up is often the only form of Internet access available in rural areas because it requires no infrastructure other than an existing telephone network. Dial-up connections usually do not exceed speeds of 56 kbit/s, as they are primarily made via 56k modems. Since the mid-2000s, this technology has become obsolete in most developed countries.
Broadband access includes a variety of speeds and technologies, all of which provide faster access to the Internet than dial-up. The term "broadband" once had a technical meaning, but now it's more often a marketing keyword that means "faster". A broadband connection is a continuous or "always on" connection, without the need to make calls and hangups, and not to monopolize the phone line. Common types of broadband access include DSL (digital subscriber lines), wired Internet access, satellite Internet access, mobile broadband via cell phones and other mobile devices among many others. By 2015, the Federal Communications Commission of the United States (FCC) defines broadband as any connection with download speeds of at least 25 Mbit/s and upload speeds of at least 3 Mbit/s, although the definition has used slower speeds in the past.
The percentage of US population using the Internet increased steadily during 2007, and slightly decreased in 2008 and 2009. Growth resumed in 2010, and reached the highest level so far (81.0%) in 2012, the last year for which data is available. 81.0% slightly above the 2012 figure of 73% for all developed countries. Based on these figures, the US was ranked 12th out of 206 countries in 2000, dropping to 31 from 209 in 2010, and returning slightly to 28 from 211 in 2012. In 2012, the US rate was 81.0% similar to France (82.0%), Belgium (82.0%), Australia (82.3%), Austria (81.0%), Slovakia (80%), Kuwait (79.2%), and Japan (79 , 1%). Figures for the top ten countries in 2012 range from 91.0% to Finland to 96.9% for the Falkland Islands.
Internet usage in the United States varies widely from one state to another. For example, in the US as a whole in 2011, 77.9% of the population used the internet. But in the same year (2011), there was a large gap in use between the top three states - Washington (80.0%), New Hampshire (79.8%) and Minnesota (79.0%) - and three lower states - Mississippi (59.0%), New Mexico (60.4%) and Arkansas (61.4%).
According to the April 2018 article on Motherboards, "In every state, some residents do not have access to broadband, and some do not have access to the internet at all."
The penetration of fixed (wired) and wireless broadband has grown steadily, reaching a peak of 28.0% and 89.8% respectively in 2012. This figure places the US above the 25.9% world average for fixed broadband in the country - countries are advancing and well above the 62.8% average for wireless broadband in OECD countries. Wireless broadband subscription in the US is primarily mobile-cellular broadband. Since an Internet subscription can be shared by multiple people and one person can have more than one subscription, the penetration rate will not reflect the actual access level to broadband Internet from the population and a penetration rate greater than 100% is possible.
The 2013 Pew study on broadband home adoption found that 70% of consumers have high-speed broadband connections. About one-third of consumers report "wireless" wireless connections, [8] but the report authors suspect that many of these consumers have misplaced wireless connections to cable or DSL cables. [9] Another Pew Research Center survey, published in February 27, 2014, reveals 68% of American adults are connected to the Internet with mobile devices such as smartphones or tablet computers. The report also uses the internet by American adults as high as 87%, while young adults aged between 18 and 29 are at 97%.
In measurements conducted between April and June 2013 (Q2), the United States is ranked 8th out of 55 countries with an average connection speed of 8.7 Mbit/s. This is an increase from 14 out of 49 countries and 5.3 Mbit/dt for January to March 2011 (Q1). The global average for Q2 2013 is 3.3 Mbit/s, up from 2.1 Mbit/sec for Q1 2011. In Q2 2013 South Korea was ranked first at 13.3 Mbit/s, followed by Japan on 12.0 Mbit/sec, and Switzerland at 11.0 Mbit/s. s.
Competitive obstacles
The lack of competition and choice in some areas has led to a debate about the cause. Some problems may be caused by the historical setting of utilities such as telephone lines as a natural monopoly. Local governments charge for the right-of-way to install fiber.
Internet tax
In 1998, the federal Internet Tax Freedom Act stopped the expansion of direct tax collection from the Internet that had begun in some states in the mid-1990s. However, the law does not affect the sales tax applied to ongoing tax-deductible online purchases depending on jurisdiction, in the same way as telephone and postal orders are taxed.
The absence of direct taxation from the Internet does not mean that all transactions that occur online are tax free, or even the Internet free of all taxes. In fact, almost all online transactions are subject to one form of tax or another. The Internet Tax Freedom Act only prevents countries from imposing sales tax, or any other type of gross acceptance tax, on certain online services. For example, a country may impose an income tax or franchise on net income earned by an online service provider, while the same country will be prevented from imposing sales tax on gross receipts from that provider.
Network neutrality
As a practical matter, there is net neutrality in the United States, where telecommunication companies rarely offer different tariffs to broadband Internet consumers and dial-up based on content or service types. However, there are no clear legal restrictions on these practices. Internet access is categorized under US law as an information service, and not a telecommunications service, and therefore not subject to general carrier regulations.
Five failed attempts have been made to provide a network neutrality bill in Congress. Each of these charges seeks to prohibit Internet service providers from using various variable pricing models based on the User Service Quality level. Described as tiered services in industry and as price discrimination by some economists, the typical provision in billing countries "[Providers of broadband services may] only prioritize... based on the type of content, applications, or services and levels of service purchased by users, at no cost to prioritize like that ".
On August 5, 2005, the FCC reclassified several services as information services rather than telecommunications services, and replaced general carrier requirements with a set of four less stringent net neutral principles. These principles, however, are not FCC rules, and therefore requirements can not be enforced. Actually applying these principles requires either the creation of official FCC rules or federal legislation.
On June 6, 2010, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia at Comcast Corp v. The FCC declared that the FCC had no authority as an information service, under the auxiliary legal title authority One of the Communications Act of 1934, to force Internet service providers to keep their networks open, while using reasonable network management practices, to all form of legal content. On December 21, 2010, the FCC approved the FCC Open Internet Order prohibiting cable television and phone service providers preventing access to certain competitors or websites such as Netflix. Rules will not make ISPs not charging more for faster access.
On February 26, 2015, the FCC Open Internet rules came into force when the FCC established the Internet as a telecommunication tool and applied it to the new "road rules".
"[Open Internet Rules] are designed to protect freedom of expression and innovation on the Internet and promote investment in the country's broadband network.The Rules of the Open Internet are based on the strongest legal foundation possible by relying on various sources of authority, including: Title II of the Communications Act and Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. As part of this decision, the Commission also withholds (or "withholds") from enforcing provisions of Title II that are not relevant to modern broadband services Together Title II and Section 706 support clear road rules, which are needed for innovators and investors, and the competitive choices and freedoms demanded by consumers.
New rules apply to fixed broadband and mobile services. This approach recognizes the advancement of technology and the growing importance of broadband mobile Internet access in recent years. These rules will protect consumers no matter how they access the Internet, whether on a desktop computer or a mobile device. "
In summary the new rules are as follows:
- Unblocking: broadband providers can not block access to harmful legal content, applications, services or devices.
- No slowdown: broadband providers must not damage or decrease legitimate Internet traffic based on harmless content, apps, services or devices.
- No payment priority: broadband providers may not like legitimate Internet traffic over other legitimate traffic in return for any consideration - in other words, there is no "fast track". This rule also prohibits ISPs from prioritizing their content and affiliate services.
On December 14, 2017, the FCC chose to reverse the II Classification of Title II of the ISP
Internet censors
Strong protection for freedom of speech and expression against censorship of federal, state and local governments is rooted in the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. This protection extends to the Internet and consequently very few government mandates for technical filtering occur in the US. However, the Internet in the United States is highly regulated, supported by a complex set of legally binding and complex mediation mechanisms.
After a decade and a half of the ongoing controversial debate over content regulation, the country is still very far from reaching a political consensus on the limits of free speech and how best to protect minors and oversee illegal activity on the Internet. Gambling, cyber security, and dangers to children who often social networking sites - real and perceived - are important debates ongoing. Significant public resilience to proposed content restriction policies has prevented more extreme measures from being used in some other countries in order not to apply in the U.S.
Public dialogue, legislative debate, and judicial review have resulted in a filtering strategy in the United States that is different from those found in most other parts of the world. Many government mandated attempts to organize content have been banned on the basis of the First Amendment, often after lengthy legal battles. However, the government has been able to put pressure indirectly where it can not directly censor. With the exception of child pornography, content restrictions tend to rely more on content removal than blocking; most often these controls depend on the involvement of private parties, supported by state encouragement or threats of legal action. Unlike most other countries in the world, where ISPs are subject to state mandates, most content regulation in the United States occurs on a personal or voluntary level.
Maps Internet in the United States
Broadband provider
Providers of broadband Internet access in the United States with more than one million subscribers by the end of K4 2017 are:
In 2010 four of these companies ranked among the top ten ISPs in the world in terms of customers: Comcast (4), AT & amp; T (5), Time Warner (7), and Verizon (8).
Government policies and programs
With the advent of the World Wide Web, the commercialization of the Internet, and its dissemination beyond use in government and research and education communities in the 1990s, Internet access became an important public policy and political issue.
National Information Infrastructure
The High Performance Computing and Communications Act of 1991 (HPCA), Pub.L. 102-194, built on previous US efforts to develop a nationwide network infrastructure, starting with the ARPANET in 1960 and funding the National Science Foundation Network (NSFnet) in the 1980s. This leads to the development of the National Information Infrastructure and includes funding for a series of projects under the title of the National Research and Education Network (NREN) and the High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative that spur significant technological developments, such as the Mosaic web browser, and the creation of a fiber-optic computer network high speed. The HPCA provides a framework for the Internet transition from government-sponsored networks to the commercially-attached Internet.
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The universal service is a program that began in the early 20th century with the aim of encouraging/requiring interconnection of telephone networks operated by different providers. Over time this has grown into a more common goal of providing phone service to everyone in the United States at sensible prices. When Congress passed the Telecommunications Act of 1996, it was provided for the creation of the Universal Services Fund to help meet the challenges and opportunities of the digital information age. The Universal Services Fund (USF) was established in 1997 by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to implement the objectives of the Telecommunications Law.
The Telecommunications Law requires all telecommunications companies to make a fair and non-discriminatory contribution to the USF. Under the auspices of the FCC, the Universal Service Administrative Company (USAC) is responsible for allocating money from central funds to four programs: High Cost, Low Income, Rural Health Care, and School and Library (E-rate). These programs are designed to:
- Promote the availability of quality services at reasonable, reasonable, and affordable rates;
- Improve access to advanced telecommunication services across the country;
- Increase the availability of the service to all consumers, including those in low-income, rural, remote, and high-cost areas at rates quite proportionate to those charged in urban areas;
- Improving access to telecommunications and follow-up services in schools, libraries, and rural health care facilities; and
- Provide fair and non-discriminatory contributions from all telecommunication service providers to funds that support universal service programs.
Telecommunication companies may, but not necessarily, charge their subscribers to refund contributions to Universal Service funds. Consumers can see this reflected in the line-item cost labeled "Universal Service" on a telecommunication charge. The amount of these fees, if any, and the methods used to collect fees from consumers are determined by the company and not mandated by the FCC.
In October 2011, the FCC chose to terminate the USF high cost program that has subsidized voice telephone services in rural areas by transferring $ 4.5 billion per year in funding over the next few years to a new Connect Connect America focused on expanding broadband deployments.
School and Library (E-Rate)
Better known officially as the School and Library Program, the E-Rate is funded from the Universal Service Fund. The E-Rate provides discounts to schools and K-12 libraries in the United States to reduce the cost of installing and maintaining telecommunication services, Internet access and internal connections. Available discounts range from 20% to 90% depending on the poverty level and the urban/rural status of the community where the school and library are located.
There is much controversy surrounding the E-Rate, including the legal challenges of the state and telecommunications companies. The impact of the program is difficult to measure, but by early 2005 more than 100,000 schools had participated in the program. Annual demand for discounts is roughly three times that of the $ 2.25 billion available, so while all schools and qualified libraries receive some discounts, some do not accept all discounts they are eligible under the program rules.
Rural Health Care Program
Seventy-eight percent of rural community members have internet access. & lt; http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/06/26/americans-internet-access-2000-2015/> Like the E-Rate, Rural Health Care Program (RHC) is funded from the Universal Service Fund. It provides funding to qualified healthcare providers for telecommunication services, including broadband Internet access, which is necessary for the provision of health care. The goal of the program is to improve the quality of health services available to patients in rural communities by ensuring that eligible healthcare providers have access to affordable telecommunication services, most often to implement "tele-health and tele-drug" services, combination of video-conferencing infrastructure and high-speed Internet access, to enable doctors and patients in rural hospitals to access specialists in distant cities.
More than $ 417 million has been allocated for the construction of 62 statewide or regional telehealth broadband networks in 42 states and three US territories under the Rural Health Care Pilot Program.
Healthcare Connect Fund (HCF) is a new component of the Rural Health Care Program. HCF will provide 65 percent discount for eligible expenditure related to broadband Internet connectivity to rural healthcare providers (HCPs) and consortiums, which may include non-rural HCP (if the consortium has the majority of rural sites). Applications under the new program will be accepted starting in late summer 2013 with initial funding on January 1, 2014. Discounts for traditional telecommunications will continue to be available under the existing RHC Telecommunications Program.
Rural broadband and advanced telecommunications
The Rural Utility Service of the US Department of Agriculture oversees several programs designed to bring the benefits of broadband Internet access and advanced telecommunication services to areas served in the US and its territory:
- Broadband Agricultural Loan Credit Program : Provides loans for cost financing, on the basis of neutral technology, construction, upgrades, and acquisition of facilities and equipment to provide broadband services to rural communities that qualify.
- Broadband Act Recovery Programming (BIP) : The once-closed program, BIP provides grants and loans to provide access to broadband services.
- Community Connect Programs : Provide grants to help rural communities expand, build, buy or lease facilities and services to spread the expansion of broadband Internet access to all residential and business customers located in the service area and all participate in critical community facilities, including funding of up to ten computer access points for use in community centers.
- The Telemedical Distance Learning and Loan Program : Provide grants and loans to support the acquisition of advanced telecommunication technologies, learning programming, and technical assistance to provide increased learning opportunities and health care for rural residents./li>
- Telecommunication Infrastructure Loan Program : Provide long-term, secured loans to eligible organizations for the purpose of financing the repair, expansion, construction, acquisition and operation of telephone lines, facilities or systems to supplement and improve telecommunication services in rural areas. All financed facilities should be able to support broadband services.
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act in 2009
The 2009 Stimulus Bill, as it is generally called, is enforced by the United States Congress 111 and signed into law by President Barack Obama on February 17, 2009. The bill provides funding for broadband grants and loan programs:
- $ 4.7 billion to create a Broadband Technology Opportunity Program in the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) of the Commerce Department to bring broadband to underserved and under-served areas and to facilitate broadband usage and adoption.
- $ 2.5 billion will be distributed by the Ministry of Agriculture to help bring broadband to rural areas.
- A Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is required to develop a nationwide broadband plan within one year.
National Broadband Plan
Internet access has been a vital tool in social development and advancement since the beginning of the 21st century. As a result, internet penetration and, more specifically, broadband internet penetration rates are now treated as key economic indicators. The United States is widely considered left behind in both broadband internet penetration rates and the speed of its broadband infrastructure.
For all these reasons, there is a call for the US to develop, adopt, fund and implement the National Broadband Plan, which the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) did in March 2010, having first requested public comments from April 2009 to February 2010. The purpose of plans as described in Broadband.gov are:
- At least 100 million US homes must have affordable access to an actual download speed of at least 100 megabits per second and actual upload speeds of at least 50 megabits per second by 2020.
- The United States should lead the world in mobile innovation, with the fastest and most comprehensive wireless network in any country.
- Every American should have affordable access to sophisticated broadband services, as well as the means and skills to subscribe if they choose.
- Every American community should have affordable access to at least one gigabit per second broadband service to anchor agencies such as schools, hospitals, and government buildings.
- To ensure the safety of Americans, each respondent must first have access to national, wireless, and interoperable broadband general safety networks.
- To ensure that America leads in a clean energy economy, every American should be able to use broadband to track and manage their real-time energy consumption.
See also
- Satellite Internet Access
- Broadband mapping in the United States
- Communication Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA)
- Communications in the United States
- Internet in American Samoa
- Internet in Guam
- Internet in Puerto Rico
- Internet in the US Virgin Islands
- Bulk surveillance in the United States
- Global monitoring disclosure (2013-present)
- City wide path
- National broadband plans from around the world
References
External links
- DSL Report - Broad site broadband with user reports from across the United States and Canada
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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