Homelessness

src: wnymedia.net

Homeless is a situation where people without permanent residence, such as a house or apartment. People who are homeless are often unable to obtain and maintain an orderly, safe, secure and adequate home. The legal definition of homeless varies from country to country, or between different jurisdictions in the same country or region. The term homeless may also include people whose primary night of residence is at a homeless shelter, a place of domestic violence, a long-term residence in a motel, a vehicle, a squat, a cardboard box, city ​​tents, tarpaulins, slum-town structures made of disposable building materials or other ad hoc housing situations. According to Britain's homeless charity crisis, homes are not just physical space: the house also provides root, identity, security, ownership, and emotional well-being. The homeless counting study of the US government also includes people who sleep in public or private places that are not designed to be used as ordinary sleeping accommodations for humans. There are a number of organizations that provide assistance to the homeless.

In 2005, about 100 million (1 in 65 at the time) people around the world became homeless and as many as 1 billion people living as squatters, refugees or temporary shelters, all lack adequate housing. In Western countries, most homeless are male (75-80%), with highly representative single men.

Most countries provide services to help the homeless. These services often provide food, shelter and clothing and can be arranged and run by community organizations (often with the help of volunteers) or by government departments or agencies. These programs may be supported by government, charities, churches and individual donors. Many cities also have street newspapers, which are publications designed to provide job opportunities for the homeless. While some homeless have jobs, some have to look for other methods of earning a living. Begging or riding is one option, but becoming increasingly illegal in many cities. People who are homeless may have additional conditions, such as physical or mental health problems or substance addictions; these issues make a homeless settlement a challenging policy issue.

Homeless people, and homeless organizations, are sometimes accused or punished for fraudulent behavior. Criminals are also known to exploit homeless people, ranging from identity theft to tax fraud and welfare. These events often lead to negative connotations on homelessness as a group.

Video Homelessness

Definition and classification

Definition of the UN

In 2004, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs defines homeless homes as unprotected households that will fall within the scope of residence. They carry some of their belongings, sleep on the street, at the door or on the dock, or in another room, on a randomly more basic basis.

In 2009, at the United Nations Economic Commission for the European European Statistical Conference (CES), held in Geneva, Switzerland, the Population and Housing Census Expert Group defines homelessness as:

In the Recommendations for the Population and Housing Census, CES identifies homeless people under two major groups:
(a) Primary Homelessness (or without roof). This category includes people living on the streets without shelter that will fall within the scope of residence;
(B) Secondary homelessness. This category may include people who have no ordinary residence who frequently move between different types of accommodation (including shelter, shelter, and institutions for homeless or other residences). This category includes people living in private residences but reporting 'no regular addresses' on their census forms.
CES recognizes that the above approach does not provide a full definition of 'homelessness'.

Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted December 10, 1948 by the UN General Assembly, contains texts on housing and quality of life:

Everyone has the right to an adequate standard of living for the health and well-being of himself and his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or lack of eyes other livelihoods in situations beyond his control.

European Tipology

Homelessness is felt and handled differently by country. European typology of Housing Waivers and Exclusion (ETHOS) was developed as a means to increase understanding and measurement of homelessness in Europe, and to provide a common "language" for transnational exchange in homelessness. The ETHOS approach confirms that homelessness is a process (not a static phenomenon) that affects many vulnerable households at various points in their lives.

This typology was launched in 2005 and used for different purposes: as a framework for debate, for data collection purposes, for policy purposes, monitoring purposes, and in the media. This typology is an open exercise that makes the abstraction of the legal definitions that exist in EU member states. It's in 25 language versions, the translation provided primarily by volunteer translators.

Other terms

The terms unsheltered and unhoused refer to segments of the homeless community who do not have legal access to the building of the bed; the latter term is defined by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) as describing those who occupy "places not designed for... sleeping accommodation for humans". People like that often prefer the term without home with the term homeless . A survey document of recent homeless residents using the term untapped homeless . The common street-language term street people does not fully cover everyone who does not slip, that many people like that do not spend their time in city street environments. Many are avoiding such locals, because homeless people in urban environments may face the risk of being robbed or beaten. Some people change buildings that are not occupied or abandoned ("squat"), or inhabit the mountains or, more often, lowland meadows, rivers and beaches. Many jurisdictions have developed programs to provide short-term emergency shelters during the winter, often in churches or other institutional properties. This is referred to as a warming center, and is credited by their supporters as saving lives.

HUD requires jurisdictions that participate in the Continuum of Care grant program to calculate their homelessness every two years. This number has led to various creative steps to avoid undercounting. Thus, the counting teams, which often number in the hundreds of volunteer logistically complicated efforts, look for undiscovered places in various nooks and crannies. This number includes people sleeping in official shelters and people sleeping in parks, alleys and other outdoor locations.

Some of the homeless populations are generally on the go, but there is no generally accepted terminology to describe them; some nomenclature is often associated with derogatory connotations, and thus the professional and vernacular term to describe these people develops and is no less in controversy. Most of the worries come from the European situation, where homeless people from Rome, Sinti and other ethnic descent have rejected the term gypsy, which they regard as a racial slur. Other terms used by some people on the way are: temporary, homeless, homeless or homeless. Sometimes, these terms are exchanged in terms that do not necessarily imply that the person is a traveler, e.g. hobo . The derogatory term vagrant is used for people who are suspected of lack of work ethic. The term temporal is often used in police reports, with no clear definition in all jurisdictions.

Maps Homelessness

History

Initial history until the 1800s

Following the Peasant Revolution, members of the British police were authorized under 1383 Bad Laws of English Law to the collapsed vagrants and forced them to show support; if they can not, the punishment is imprisonment. Vagabonds could be punished for three days and nights; in 1530, whipping was added. The presumption is that homeless people are unlicensed beggars. In 1547, a bill was passed that the homeless underwent some more extreme provisions of the criminal law, which were two years of slavery and imaging with "V" as a punishment for the first offense and death for the second. A large number of homeless people were among the inmates who were transported to American colonies in the 18th century. During the 16th century in Britain, the first country tried to provide housing to the homeless instead of punishing them, by introducing brides to take a bum and train them for a profession. In the 17th and 18th centuries, this was replaced by the workplace but it was intended to reduce too much reliance on state aid.

The movement that evolved toward social concerns sparked the development of rescue missions, such as the first US rescue mission, the New York City Rescue Mission, founded in 1872 by Jerry and Maria McAuley. In small towns, there are vagrants, who temporarily live near railroads and take the train to various destinations. Especially after the American Civil War, a large number of homeless men formed part of a counter known as "hobohemia" throughout the United States. This phenomenon again surged in the 1930s during and after the Great Depression.

Modern

How the Other Half Life and Jack London The People of the Abyss (1903) discusses homelessness, and raises public awareness, which causes some changes in code building and some social conditions. In England, residential dormitories called "nails" are provided by local districts. In the 1930s in the UK, there were 30,000 people living in this facility. In 1933, George Orwell wrote of poverty in London and Paris, in his book "Down and Out in Paris and London". In general, in most countries, many cities and cities have areas that contain poor, transient, and suffering people, such as "slip lines". In New York City, for example, there is an area known as "the Bowery", traditionally, where alcoholics are found sleeping on the street, bottles in hand.

The Great Depression of the 1930s caused a devastating epidemic of poverty, hunger, and homelessness. There are two million homeless people migrating across the United States. Many live in the shanty city they call "Hoovervilles". In the 1960s, the changing nature and problems of homelessness in Britain became public attention. The number of people who live "rough" on the streets has increased dramatically. However, starting with the conservative Row Sleeper initiative of the Conservative government, the number of people sleeping roughly in London dropped dramatically. This initiative is further supported by the Incoming Labor Administration from 2009 onwards with the publication of the 'Come from Cold' strategy published by the Rough Sleepers Learning Unit, which proposes and convey a massive increase in the number of dorm bedrooms in the capital. and increased funding for the outreach team, working with people who have trouble sleeping to allow them to access services.

The modern homeless begins as a result of economic pressures in society and a reduction in the availability of affordable housing such as single occupants (SROs) for the poor. In the United States, in the 1970s, the deinstitutionalization of patients from state psychiatric hospitals was the triggering factor that sowed homeless populations, especially in big cities like New York City. This theory is strongly debated by clinical psychologist Seth Farber which suggests that "the emptying of mental state hospitals occurred almost entirely in the 1960s and 1970s," a decade or more before the sharp rise in homelessness that began in the late 1980s. Some feel that the signing of Ronald Reagan (as governor of California in 1967) of the Lanterman-Petris-Short Act greatly aggravated the homeless among the mentally ill. This law lowers the standard for accidental commitments in civil courts and is followed by significant de-funding of 1700 hospital-treated mental patients [it is unclear why lower standards will lead to less committed].

The 1963 Community Mental Health Act is a predisposing factor in determining the level of homelessness in the United States. Long-term psychiatric patients are released from the state hospital to the SRO and should be sent to a community mental health center for care and follow-up. It never works well, the community mental health center is largely unfulfilled, and this population is mostly found living on the streets shortly thereafter without sustainable support systems.

Also, as real estate prices and environmental pressures escalate to move these people out of their areas, the SROs are dwindling, putting most of their population on the streets. Other populations are mixed in the future, such as people who lose their homes for economic reasons, and those who are addicted, parents, and others. The homeless trend is closely linked to environmental conditions according to a report by Edna McConnell Clark Foundation in 1990.

In 2002, research shows that children and families are the largest segment of the homeless population in the United States, and this has presented new challenges, especially in services, to agents. Some trends involving the fate of the homeless have sparked some thought, reflection and debate. One such phenomenon is paying physical advertising, colloquially known as "sandwich board man".

Another trend is the side effects of free, free advertising from companies and organizations on shirts, clothing, and bags, to be worn by the homeless and poor, given and donated by companies to homeless shelters and charitable organizations for altruistic reverse purposes. This trend is reminiscent of the "sandwich sign" brought by the poor at the time of Charles Dickens in the 19th century in England and then during the Great Depression in the United States in the 1930s.

In the US, the government is asking large cities to make a ten-year plan to end homelessness. One result of this is the first "Housing" solution, rather than having a homeless stay in an emergency homeless shelter it is considered better to quickly get a permanent residential person of some sort and the support services necessary to maintain a new home. But there are many complications of such a program and this should be addressed to make such initiatives work well in the medium to long term. Some people who were previously homeless, who eventually obtained housing and other assets that helped to return to a normal lifestyle, have donated money and volunteer services to organizations that provide assistance to them during the homeless period. Alternatively, some of the social services agencies that help the homeless now employ former homeless to assist in the treatment process.

Homeless people have migrated to rural and suburban areas. The number of homeless people has not changed dramatically but the number of homeless families has increased according to the HUD report. The US Congress allocated $ 25 million in the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Grant for 2008 to demonstrate the effectiveness of the Rapid Rehab program in reducing family homelessness. In February 2009, President Obama signed the US Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, partially aimed at homeless prevention, allocating $ 1.5 billion to the Homeless Prevention Fund. The name of the Emergency Grants Shelter Program (ESG) is transformed into an Emergency Support Grants program (ESG), and funds are reallocated to help prevent homelessness and quick housing for families and individuals.

On May 20, 2009, President Obama signed the Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing (HEART) Acting into Public Law (Public Law 111-22 or "PL 111-22"), authorizing the HUD Homeless Assistance program. It was part of the Family Assistance Act Saving Their House in 2009. The HEARTS action allows for the prevention of homeless, quick housing, consolidation of housing programs, and new homeless categories. Within eighteen months after the signing of the bill, HUD had to make regulations implementing the new McKinney program.

The HEARTH Act also encodes in the law of the Continuum of Care planning process, which is part of the HUD application process to help the homeless by providing greater coordination in response to their needs. This final rule integrates the rules on the definition of homelessness, and corresponding listing requirements, for the Shelter Plus Treatment program and the Housing Support Program. This last rule also sets the rules for the definition of developmental defects and the definition and requirements of record keeping for homeless individuals with disabilities for Shelter Plus Care and Support Housing Programs.

At the end of 2009, some of the homeless advocacy organizations, such as the National Coalition for Homelessness, reported and publicized the perceived problems with the 2009 HATI Act as HUD McKinney-Vento re-authorization legislation, particularly with regard to privacy, uncertainty of definition, community roles , and restrictions on eligible activities.

src: www.sciencemag.org

Social science

Cause

The main reasons and causes of homelessness as documented by many reports and studies include:

• Domestic violence
• Forced evictions - In many countries, people are losing their homes because of government orders to build newer, upscale buildings, highways, and other government needs. Compensation may be minimal, in this case the former occupant can not find a suitable new housing and become homeless.
• Foreclosures on landlords often lead to the expulsion of their tenants. "The Sarasota, Florida, Herald Tribune noted that, according to some estimates, more than 311,000 tenants across the country have been expelled from homes this year after lenders took over the property."
• Gentrification, the process by which the environment becomes popular with the rich, and the poor are priced
• Lack of accessible health care
• Lack of affordable housing

• Live with disabilities, especially when disability services do not exist or perform poorly
• Living with a mental disorder, where mental health services are unavailable or difficult to access. A US federal survey conducted in 2005 showed that at least a third of homeless men and women have serious psychiatric or psychiatric problems. Autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia are two major mental disorders among US homelessness. Personality disorders are also very prevalent, especially Cluster A.
• Migration, both domestic and foreign to the country, where the number of migrants exceeds the supply of affordable housing
• A mortgage foreclosure in which the mortgage holder sees the best solution for default is taking and selling the house to pay off the debt. The popular press made this problem in 2008.
• Natural disasters, including but not limited to earthquakes and hurricanes
• Poverty, caused by many factors including unemployment and underemployment
• Release prison and reenter the community
• Breakdown of relationships, especially in relation to young people and their parents, such as resignation
• Social exclusion due to sexual orientation (e.g. LGBT) and gender identity
• Substance abuse or addiction, such as alcoholism or drug addiction
• Traumatic brain injury, a condition which, according to the Canadian survey, is widespread among homeless people and, for about 70% of respondents, can be attributed to the "before homeless onset" time
• War or armed conflict, which can make the refugees escape from violence

A substantial percentage of US homeless populations are individuals who are chronically unemployed or have difficulty managing their lives effectively due to prolonged and severe drug and/or alcohol abuse. Substance abuse can lead to homelessness from behavior-related patterns of addiction that alienate an addicted family and friends' friends who can otherwise provide support during difficult economic times. The increasing wealth gap and income imbalances lead to a distortion in the housing market that drives higher rental costs, making housing unaffordable. Paul Koegel of RAND Corporation, principal investigator in a first-generation homeless study and beyond, divides the causes of homelessness into structural aspects and then individual vulnerability.

Challenges

The basic problem of the homeless is the need for personal protection, warmth, and security. Other difficulties include:

• Clean and dry clothes
• Public hostility and laws against urban vagrancy
• Sanitation and sanitation facilities
• Keep contact with friends, family, and government services without permanent location or mailing address
• Medical problems, including problems caused by a person's homeless condition (eg, hypothermia or frostbite due to outside sleep in cold weather) or problems aggravated by homelessness, due to lack of access to treatment (eg, mental health problems exacerbated by individuals who have no privacy, calm and safe place to store prescriptions for conditions such as schizophrenia)
• Get, set up, and save food
• Personal safety, tranquility, and privacy, especially for sleep, bathing, and other hygiene activities
• Storage of beds, clothing, and possessions, which may need to be brought at any time

Homeless people face many problems beyond the lack of a safe and suitable home. They often face many social losses as well, reduced access to private and public services, gaps in their personal infrastructure, and reduced access to vital needs:

• General refusal or discrimination from others.
• Increased risk of violence and harassment
• Limited access to education
• Loss a regular relationship with the mainstream
• Does not look good for the job
• Access to reduced banking services
• Reduce access to communications technology
• Reduce access to health care and dental services
• Target by city to exclude from public space
• The difficulty of establishing trust in relation to services, systems, and others; annoying existing difficulties by accessing help and escaping from homeless, especially present in Chronic homeless

Sometimes there is corruption and theft by shelter employees, as evidenced by the 2011 FOX 25 TV investigation report in Boston where a number of Boston public shelters were found stealing large amounts of food over a period of time from the shelter kitchen. for personal use and catering. Homeless people are often obliged to adopt various self-presentation strategies to maintain a sense of dignity, which impedes their interaction with passersby and leads to suspicion and stigmatization by the mainstream public.

Homelessness is also a risk factor for depression caused by prejudice (ie "deprejudice"). When a person is prejudiced against people who are homeless and then become homeless themselves, their anti-homeless prejudice turns in, causing depression. "Mental disorders, physical disabilities, homelessness, and sexually transmitted infections are all stigmatization status that a person can gain despite the negative stereotypes about the groups." Difficulties can occur exponentially. For example, a homeless man in New Jersey found that he could not get food from some volunteer organizations if he did not have a legally recognized address; after being robbed, he lost identification documents and valuable contact information so he could not contact his daughter; because his hips and knees were broken because of the attack, it was more difficult for him after he recovered in the hospital to walk to places that offered free food; in many instances, the problem seems to aggravate other problems in the downward cycle. A study found that in the city of Hong Kong more than half the homeless population in the city (56%) suffered some degree of mental illness. Only 13% of the 56% who received treatment because of their condition left most homeless people who were not treated for their mental illness.

Victims by violent crime

The homeless are often the victims of violent crime. A 2007 study found that the level of violent crime against homeless people in the United States increased. In the United States in 2013 there were 109 reported attacks against homeless people, a 24 percent increase the previous year, according to the National Coalition for the Homeless. Eighteen of those who were attacked died as a result. In July 2014, three boys aged 15, 16 and 18, were arrested and accused of beating two homeless men with bricks and metal poles in Albuquerque. The 18-year-old woman was later found guilty of second-degree murder and other alleged crimes and sentenced to 67 years in prison, 16 years sentenced to 26 years in prison. A study of female veterans found that homelessness was associated with domestic violence, either directly as a result of abandoning a violent partner, and indirectly due to trauma, mental health conditions, and substance abuse.

Lease control

Rental-controlled apartments contribute to shelter and street populations (about 0.04%). Leased apartments are controlled encouraging people not to move or pass the apartment between families, this causes the price of apartments to be higher for new tenants, and consequently, it is more difficult for people to pay their rent. About 10% of housing in the United States is under the control of the price control law. Most laws are enacted to deal with the high inflation levels experienced during the 1970s and 80s. This law can motivate apartment owners to turn property into a more profitable company, which can reduce the amount of housing available to potential tenants. Darker markets can also flourish, with tenants renting places that are controlled at prices above the maximum law. This can provide pricing for low-income individuals and families.

The stigma attached to the term

Prior to 1983, the term homeless implies that economic conditions lead to homelessness. However, after 1983, conditions such as alcoholism and mental illness also became associated with the term in the media. Claims are often supported by testimonials made by high-ranking officials. For example, Ronald Reagan states that "one problem we have, even in the best of times, is the people who sleep on the stove, those who do not have a home because of the choice." This claim makes homelessness a personal choice and only a mental state, and releases it from neoliberal reforms that sweep the economic system. In a broader sense, it makes homelessness something that will exist even under the best economic conditions, and therefore free from economic policy and economic conditions.

The consequences of this stigma

Because this stigma is attached to the term, the consequences have arisen. Fear is a big consequence of this depiction. Many people are afraid of the homeless because of the stigma surrounding the homeless community. It has been discovered through surveys that before spending time with homeless people that people are afraid of them, but after spending time with them that fear is diminished or no longer there. Another effect of this stereotype is isolation. Homeless people are isolated by many people. This gives the homeless community not to say in what way. Nobody really listened.

src: static1.squarespace.com

Help and resources

Most countries provide services to help the homeless. They often provide food, shelter and clothing and can be arranged and run by community organizations (often with the help of volunteers) or by government departments. These programs can be supported by government, charities, churches and individual donors. In 1998, a study by Koegel and Schoeni of the homeless population in Los Angeles, California, reported that large numbers of homeless people did not participate in government assistance programs, and the authors reported confused as to why it happened, with the only possible suggestion of evidence that transaction costs may be too high. The US Department of Housing and Urban Development and Administration of Veterans has a special Section 8 housing coupon program called VASH (Veterans Administration Supported Housing), or HUD-VASH, which provides a certain number of sections of 8 subsidized housing vouchers for eligible homeless and otherwise vulnerable veterans of the US armed forces. The HUD-VASH program has shown success in accommodating many homeless veterans.

Non-governmental organizations are also home, and/or directing homeless veterans to care facilities. Social Security/Social Security Revenue Disability Revenue, Access, Reach, Recovery Program (SOAR) is a national project funded by Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. It is designed to improve access to SSI/SSDI for eligible adults who are homeless or at risk of becoming homeless and having mental illness and/or concomitant use of substances. Using a three-pronged approach to Strategic Planning, Training and Technical Assistance (TA), the TA SOAR Center coordinates these efforts at the state and community level.

Social support

While some homeless people are known to have communities with one another, providing different types of support, non homeless people can also give them friendship, food, relational care, and other forms of help. Such social support can be done through a formal process, such as under the auspices of non-governmental organizations, religious organizations, or homeless services, or can be done on an individual basis. In Los Angeles, a collaboration between Ostrow University Medical School of Southern California and the Union Rescue Mission shelter offers homeless people in the Skid Row free tooth area.

Resource sources

Many nonprofit organizations such as the Goodwill Industry "provide skills development and employment opportunities to people with barriers to work", although most of these organizations are not primarily directed to homeless individuals. Many cities also have street newspapers or magazines: publications designed to provide job opportunities for the homeless or others in need through street sales. While some homeless have paying jobs, some have to look for other methods to make money. Begging or riding is one option, but becoming increasingly illegal in many cities. Apart from that stereotype, not all homeless are reaching out, and not all beggars come. Another option is singing: doing tricks, playing music, drawing on the sidewalk, or offering some other form of entertainment in exchange for donations. In cities where plasmapheresis centers (blood donors) are still there, homeless people can generate income through visits to these centers.

Homeless people can also provide waste management services to earn money. Some homeless people found bottles and tin cans and took them to the recycling center to earn money. For example, they can sort organic waste from other waste, and/or separate garbage made from the same material (for example, various types of plastics, and various types of metals). Especially in Brazil, many people have been involved in such activities. In addition, rather than sorting out garbage in landfills,... they can also collect garbage found on/beside the road to earn income. Homeless people have been known to commit crimes only to be sent to jail or prison for food and shelter. In police slang, this is called "three crushes and a cot" refers to three daily meals and a mattress for sleep given to the prisoners.

Created in 2005, in Seattle, Bumvertising, the informal system of hiring homeless people to advertise by young entrepreneurs is providing food, money, and bottled water to hold homeless people in the Northwest. Homeless supporters accuse the founder, Ben Rogovy, and the process, exploiting the poor and offended by the use of the word "vagrant" which is generally considered condescending. In October 2009, The Boston Globe brings the story of what's called cyberbegging, or internet beggars, which are reported to be new trends around the world.

Jobs

The US Department of Labor has sought to address one of the major causes of homelessness, a lack of meaningful and sustainable work, through targeted training programs and increased access to employment opportunities that can help homeless people to develop sustainable lifestyles. This includes the development of the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness, which addresses homelessness at the federal level in addition to linking the homeless with resources at the state level. All individuals who need help can, in theory, access employment and training services under the Manpower Investment Act (WIA), although this relies on government funding and support programs, with veterans also using the Veteran Employment Investment Program.

Under the Department of Labor, the Veterans' Employment and Training Service (VETS) offers a variety of programs targeted to end homelessness among veterans. The Homeless Veterans Reintegration Program (HVRP) is the only national program that exclusively focuses on helping veterans as they reenter the workforce. In addition, the VETS program also has a jailed Veteran Transition Program as well as a service unique to Veteran women. Major programs initiated by the Department of Labor have incorporated the Labor Investment Act, One Roof Career Center, and a Community Voice mail system that helps connect homeless people across the United States with local resources. In addition, targeted work programs have included the Homeless Veterans Reintegration Project, the Disabled People's Navigator Initiative, an effort to end chronic homelessness through the provision of jobs and housing projects, Job Corps, and Veterans Employment Investment Program (VWIP).

Street newspaper

Street newspapers are a tool to enable homeless people to work. In New York City, in 1989, a street newspaper was created called Street News that left some people homeless for work, some writing, producing, and mostly selling newspapers on the streets and trains. Street News is written pro bono by a combination of homeless, celebrities, and well-established writers. In 1991, in England, a street newspaper, following an established New York model, was called The Big Issue and published every week. Its circulation has grown to 300,000.

Chicago has StreetWise which has the second largest circulation of its kind in the United States, 30,000. Boston has a Spare Change News, founded in 1992 by a small group of homeless people in Boston, built on the same model as the others: the homeless help themselves. San Francisco, California has Street Sheet newspapers twice a month, established in 1989, with a distribution of 32,000 per month. In central and southern Florida, The Homeless Voice works to spread homeless awareness and provide assistance to victims through its street papers. This publication is the oldest continuously published street newspaper, operates free advertising, contains news related to poverty, artwork, poetry, and is given to street vendors for free.

Seattle has a Real Change, a $ 1 bulletin aimed at bringing immediate benefits to homeless people and also reporting economic problems in the area. Portland, Oregon has Street Roots , with articles and poems by homeless authors, sold on the street for a dollar. Recently, Street Sense , in Washington, D.C. has gained a lot of popularity and helped many people move from homeless. Students in Baltimore, MD have opened a satellite office for the street paper as well. The Challenger Street Newspaper is written and run by people who experience homelessness and their allies in Austin, Texas - one of the most economically separated cities in America. Sacramento, California has Homeward Street Journal , published bi-monthly, with a circulation of around 11,000 per issue.

Housing

Housing initiative of a community organization

Many housing initiatives involve homeless people in the process of building and maintaining affordable shared housing. This process serves as a double impact by not only providing housing but also providing job income and work experience for the homeless. One example of this type of initiative is the nonprofit organization Living Solutions, located in downtown San Diego, CA. This community initiative provides homeless populations with housing sources and gives them the job of building affordable homes. The initiative also builds community empowerment by asking residents who were previously homeless to help maintain and improve these homes. Citizens are responsible for all household chores, including menu planning, budgeting, shopping, cooking, cleaning, yard work, and home care. Environmental responsibility for living space fosters a sense of ownership and involvement in all parts of the decision making process.

Organizing in a homeless shelter

Homeless shelters can form the basis for community organizations and recruitment of homeless individuals into social movements for their own ends. Cooperation between shelters and elected representatives of the homeless community in each shelter can serve as the backbone of this initiative. Representatives present and forward issues, cause concerns and give new ideas to shelter directors and staff. Some examples of possible problems are ways to handle drug and alcohol use by specific shelter users and resolve interpersonal conflicts. SAND, the Danish National Organization for Homelessness, is one example of an organization using this empowerment approach. Problems reported in homeless shelters are then handled by SANDAR at the regional or national level. To open the dialogue further, SAND organized a regional discussion forum where staff and leaders from shelters, homeless representatives, and local governments met to discuss good issues and practices at the shelter.

Political action: choose

Voting for elected officials is important for the homeless population to have a "voice" in the democratic process. Equal access to the right to vote is an essential part of maintaining democracy. However, in some jurisdictions, it may be difficult for homeless people to vote, if they have no identification, permanent address, or place to receive mail. Voting allows the homeless to play a role in determining the direction of their community by voicing their opinions on local, regional and national issues that are important and relevant to their lives. With each election, low-income and homeless people vote at a lower level than people with higher incomes, despite the fact that many policy decisions directly affect people who are economically disadvantaged. Currently, issues such as raising the minimum wage and funding certain social and housing programs are being debated in the US Congress and in communities across the country. In order for the government to represent the people, citizens must choose - especially those who are economically disadvantaged.

An example of how to overcome these obstacles and encourage greater voter participation among low-income and homeless populations is undertaken by the National Coalition for the Homeless and other national and grassroots social advocacy groups. These groups are collaborating to create guidelines that promote voting access for low-income and homeless people to ensure that those who are economically disadvantaged maintain an active and sound role in shaping their future. This manual is designed to provide ideas to help overcome many obstacles that prevent people from experiencing homelessness into registered active voters. By working together with homeless people, low-income individuals, and supporters across the country, grassroots social movement organizations can work with homeless and low-income people to make their voices heard on Election Day.

Legal and legal pros pro bono

In 1979, a New York City lawyer, Robert Hayes, brought a class action lawsuit to court, Callahan v. Carey , against the City and State, debating one's constitutional right to "the right to shelter". It was stipulated as a consent decision in August 1981. The City and the State agree to provide boards and shelter for all homeless men who meet the standards of need for welfare or who are displaced by certain other standards. In 1983 this right was extended to homeless women.

In the mid-1980s, there was also a dramatic increase in family homelessness. Tied to this is the growing number of poor children, youth and young adults, creating a new sub-strata of the homeless population (street children or street youth). Also, in the 1980s, in the United States, several federal laws were introduced to the homeless as a result of the work of Congressman Stewart B. McKinney. In 1987, the McKinney-Vento Homeless Help Act came into effect.

src: www.nydailynews.com

Services

There are many community organizations and social movements around the world that are taking action to reduce homelessness. They have tried to eliminate the cause and reduce the consequences by starting an initiative that helps the homeless to transition to self-reliance. Social movements and initiatives tend to follow a grassroots community-based organization model. This form of movement is generally characterized by loose structure, informal and decentralized, with an emphasis on radical protest politics. Interest groups give more emphasis on influencing government policies and relying on more than formal organizational structures. These different groups share the same elements: they are made up of and run by a mix of allies of the homeless and former population or current members of the homeless population. Both grassroots and interest groups aim to break the image of homeless stereotypes as weak, criminals, drug addicts and excluded and to ensure that the voices of homeless people and their representatives are clearly heard by policymakers.

src: gatehousenews.com

Housing

Urban homeless shelter

Homeless shelters, which are generally night shelters, get people out in the morning for whatever they can manage and come back at night when the beds in the shelter reopen to sleep. An example of a homeless shelter is the Pine Street Inn in the Boston South End neighborhood. There are several daytime shelters where people can go instead of being stranded on the streets, and they can be helped, get counseling, take advantage of resources, food, and spend their day getting back to their overnight sleeping arrangements. A model example of a central day shelter is the Saint Francis House in Boston, Massachusetts, founded in the early 1980s, open to homeless people throughout the year during the daytime hours and initially based on the model of residential homes.

Many homeless people keep all their possessions with them because they do not have access to storage. There are also the reality of "bag" people, shopping cart people, and soda cans collectors (known as binary divers or dumpster) who sort out the trash to find items for sale, trade, and eating. These people carry all their stuff with them all the time because they have no place to keep it. If they do not have access or the ability to go to a shelter and possibly a bath, or access to toilets and laundry facilities, their hygiene is lacking. This again raises social tensions in public places.

This condition creates an increase in tuberculosis and other diseases in urban areas. In 1974, Kip Tiernan founded Rosie's Place in Boston, the first stop and emergency shelter for women in the United States, in response to the increasing number of women in need across the country.

Displacement and alternative accommodation

There are many places where a homeless person might seek shelter:

• The 24-hour Internet Cafe is now used by more than 5,000 Japanese "Net Cafe Refugees". It is estimated that 75% of 3,200 internet cafes overnight in Japan serve regular night guests, which in some cases has been their primary source of income.
• The 24-hour McDonald's restaurant is used by McRefugees in Japan, China and Hong Kong. There are about 250 McRefugees in Hong Kong.
• Unselected structures : abandoned or cursed buildings
• Friends or family : While sleeping at a friend's or a family's home ("surfing the couch"). Surfers on the sofa may be more difficult to spot than the homeless street people
• Homeless shelters : like a cold-weather shelter opened by a church or community agency, which may consist of a cot in a heated warehouse, or a temporary Christmas Coverage. More elaborate homeless shelters such as Pinellas Hope in Florida provide residences for residents with recreation tents, dining tents, laundry facilities, outdoor tents, casitas and shuttle services that help residents get their jobs on a daily basis.
• Cheap boarding houses : Also called flophouses, they offer temporary low-quality and cheap lodging.
• Inexpensive motel also offers cheap and low quality temporary accommodation. However, some who are able to buy a home stay in a motel because of the choice. For example, David and Jean Davidson spent 22 years at the British Travelodge.
• Outdoor : On the ground or in sleeping bags, tents, or improvised shelters, such as large cardboard boxes, dustbins, parks, or vacant lots.
• Public areas : Parks, bus or railway stations, public libraries, airports, public transport vehicles (with continuous rides where unlimited access is available), hospital lobby or waiting areas, college, and 24 - small businesses such as coffee shops. Many public areas use security guards or police to prevent people from loitering or sleeping in these locations for various reasons, including images, security, and convenience.
• Residential hotels , different beds with all rooms can be rented cheaply in neighborhoods such as dormitories.
• Shantytowns : Improvised shelter and elevated shelters, usually near highway, interstate, and highway transport links. Some slum cities have an interstitial tent area, but the dominant feature consists of hard structures. Each pad site tends to collect roofs, sheaths, plywood, and nailed two by four.
• Squatting in an empty structure where a homeless person can live without payment and without the owner's knowledge or permission.
• Tent cities : Campsites of tents and artificial shelters consisting of tarpaulins and blankets are often close to industry and institutionalally identifiable areas such as railway, highway and high transportation lines. Some of the more elaborate tent cities, such as Dignity Village, are actually hybrids of tent cities and slums. The tent cities often consist only of tents and fabric-made structures, with no semi-permanent wood structures at all.
• Underground tunnels such as the abandoned subway, maintenance, or railway tunnel are popular among the permanent homeless.
• Vehicles : Cars or trucks are used as temporary or sometimes long-term shelter, for example by those who have recently been driven from home. Some people live in recreational vehicles (RVs), school buses, vans, sports vehicles, covered pick-up trucks, station wagons, sedans, or hatchbacks. The homeless, according to homeless researchers and researchers, is the fastest growing segment of the homeless population. Many cities now have secure parking programs where legitimate sites are permitted in churches or elsewhere. For example, because it is not legitimate to park on the streets of Santa Barbara, the New Beginning Counseling Center works with the city to make parking lots available to accommodate homeless people.

The residents of the refugee camp are mentioned in several places, such as New York City, "Mole People". The natural caves below the city center allow places where people can gather. Leaky water pipes, power lines, and steam pipes allow for some important things to live on.

More residence options

Transitional housing
Temporary housing provides temporary housing for certain segments of the homeless population, including homeless people who work, and is shaped to divert their residents into affordable, affordable housing. This is not an emergency homeless shelter but usually a room or apartment in a residence with support services. The transition time may be short, for example, one or two years, and at that time the person must file and obtain permanent housing and usually some profitable work or income, even if Social Security or assistance. Sometimes, transitional housing housing programs charge room and meals, perhaps 30% of a person's income, which is sometimes partially or fully refunded once the person has a permanent residence. In the US, federal funding for the transitional housing program was initially allocated in the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act of 1986.

Supportive housing
Supportive homes are a combination of housing and services that are meant as a cost-effective way to help people live more stable and productive lives. Supportive housing works well for those facing the most complex challenges - individuals and families confronted with homelessness and who also have very low incomes and/or serious and persistent problems that may include substance abuse, addiction or alcoholism, mental illness , HIV/AIDS, or other serious challenges to a successful life.

Pedestrian village
In 2007, city designer and social theorist Michael E. Arth proposed a controversial national solution for the homeless that would involve the development of a shredded "Pedestrian Village" in exchange for what he calls "the band's current support approach to the problem." The prototype, Tiger Bay Village, is proposed to be near Daytona Beach, FL. He claims that it would be better to address the psychological and psychological needs of temporary and permanent homeless adults, and would cost less than the current approach. It will also provide a lower cost alternative to the prison, and provides a halfway station for those who get out of jail. Employment opportunities, including rural development and maintenance, and the establishment of employment agencies will help make the villages financially and socially viable.

Government Initiatives

In South Australia, the Premier County Government of Mike Rann (2002 to 2011) is providing funds for a series of initiatives designed to combat homelessness. Suggested by the Commissioner of Social Inclusion David Cappo and founder of the Common Ground program in New York, Rosanne Haggerty, Rann's Government established the Common Ground Adelaide to build high-quality in-town apartments (combined with intensive support) for homeless people "rough sleepers". The government also funded the Street to Home program and hospital liaison services designed to help homeless people treated at the Emergency Department at Adelaide's main public hospital. Rather than being released back to the homeless, patients identified as insomnia found accommodation supported by professional support. Common Ground and Street to Home now operate across Australia in other countries.

Savings from housing for homeless people in the US

In 2013, a study from the Central Florida Commission on Homelessness indicated that the region spent $ 31,000 per year for every homeless to cover "the salaries of law enforcement officers to capture and transport the homeless - mostly for nonviolent offenses such as offenses, intoxications public or sleeping in the park - as well as fixed prison fees, emergency room visits and hospitalization for medical and psychiatric problems. This does not include "money spent by nonprofits to feed, dress and sometimes protect these individuals." Instead, the Report estimates the permanent supporting housing cost at "$ 10,051 per person per year" and concludes that "[h] ousing even half of the chronic homeless population in the area will save taxpayers $ 149 million over the next decade - even allowing for 10 percent to ending back to the street again. "This particular study followed 107 homeless inhabitants living in Orange, Osceola or Seminole County, while udies have shown substantial financial savings in Charlotte and Southeast Colorado from focusing solely on homeless housing."

src: fresnoalliance.com

Health care

Health care for the homeless is a major public health challenge. Homeless people are more likely to suffer injuries and medical problems from their lifestyle on the road, which includes malnutrition, exposure to severe weather elements, and higher hardness exposure (robbery, beating, etc.). At the same time, however, they have little access to public medical services or clinics, in part because they often lack identification or registration for public health care services. There are significant challenges in treating homeless people with psychiatric disorders because clinical promises are untenable, their continued existence is unknown, their drugs should not be taken as prescribed and monitored, medical and psychiatric histories are inaccurate, and for other reasons. Because many homeless people have mental illness, this has presented a crisis in care.

Homeless people often find it difficult to document their date of birth or their address. Since homeless people usually have no place to store things, they often lose their belongings, including their identification and other documents, or find them destroyed by police or others. Without photo ID, homeless people can not get a job or access many social services, including health care and clinic access. They can be denied access to even the most basic assistance: wardrobe, pantry food, certain public benefits, and in some cases, emergency shelters. Obtaining identification of replacement is difficult. No address, birth certificate can not be sent. Costs may be expensive for the poor. And some states will not issue birth certificates unless the person has photo identification, creating Catch-22. This problem is much less acute in countries that provide free health care, such as the UK, where hospitals are open day and night and there are no maintenance costs. In the US, free care clinics, for the homeless and others, do exist in big cities, but they often attract more demand than they can meet.

The conditions that affect the homeless are somewhat specialized and have opened up new areas of medicine adapted to this population. Skin conditions, including scabies, are common because homeless people are exposed to extreme cold in winter and they have little access to bathing facilities. They have problems treating their feet and have more severe dental problems than the general population. Diabetes, especially untreated, is widespread in homeless populations. A special medical textbook has been written to address this for the service provider.

There are many organizations that provide free care to homeless people in countries that do not offer free medical care held by the state, but the service is in great demand given the limited number of medical practitioners. For example, it may take months to get a minimum dental care appointment at a free care clinic. Infectious diseases are very alarming, especially tuberculosis, which spreads more easily in dense homeless shelters in dense urban environments. There has been a continuing concern and study of the health and welfare of older homeless populations, usually fifty to sixty-four, and even older, whether they are significantly more sickly than their younger counterparts and if they are poorly served.

In 1985, the Boston Health Care Program for Homeless was established to help more homeless people living on the streets and in shelters in Boston and who suffer from a shortage of effective medical services. In 2004, Boston Health Care for Homelessness in conjunction with National Health Care for the Homeless Council issued a medical guide called "The Health Care of the Homeless," edited by James J. O'Connell, MD, specifically for the treatment of homeless populations. In June 2008, in Boston, Massachusetts, Jean Yawkey Place, a four-story building, 77,653 square feet (7,214.2 m ² ), was opened by Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program. This is a full service building on-campus Boston Medical Center dedicated to providing nurses

Source of the article : Wikipedia