green vehicles , or clean vehicles , or environmentally friendly vehicles or environmentally friendly vehicles are motor vehicles that produce less harmful effects on the environment than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles running on gasoline or diesel, or that use certain alternative fuels. Currently, in some countries the term is used for any vehicle that meets or exceeds tighter European emission standards (such as Euro6), or California zero-emission vehicle standards (such as ZEV, ULEV, SULEV, PZEV), or low-fuel standards carbon is applied in some countries.
Green vehicles can be powered by alternative fuels and advanced vehicle technology and include hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles, compressed air vehicles, hydrogen and fuel cell vehicles, neat ethanol vehicles, flexible fuel vehicles, vehicles natural gas, clean diesel vehicles, and several sources also include vehicles that use biodiesel and ethanol or gasohol mixtures. In November 2016, with EPA fuel savings of 136 miles per gallon of gas equivalent (mpg-e) (1.7Ã, L/100 km), Hyundai Ioniq Electric 2017 became the most efficient EPA certified vehicle considering all fuel and all year, exceeding the 2014-2016 model all-electric BMW i3.
Some authors also include conventional motor vehicles with high fuel economy, as they consider that fuel economy improvements are the most cost-effective way to improve energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions in the transport sector in the short term. As part of their contribution to sustainable transport, these vehicles reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and contribute to energy independence by reducing oil imports.
Environmental analysis goes beyond just operating efficiency and emissions. Life-cycle assessment involves production and post-use considerations. The cradle-to-cradle design is more important than focusing on single factors like energy efficiency.
Video Green vehicle
Efisiensi energi
Cars with the same production cost of energy can obtain, over the life of the car (operational phase), large reductions in energy costs through several steps:
- The most significant is to use an alternative propulsion:
- Efficient machines that reduce the consumption of vehicles from oil (ie petroleum electric hybrid vehicles), or that use renewable energy sources throughout their lifetime.
- Using biofuel as a substitute for fuel oil.
- Proper vehicle maintenance such as machine tune-ups, oil changes, and maintaining proper tire pressures can also help.
- Removing unnecessary items from vehicles reduces weight and improves fuel economy as well.
Maps Green vehicle
Type
Green vehicles include vehicles fully or partially functional in alternative energy sources other than fossil fuels or less carbon intensive than gasoline or diesel.
Another option is the use of alternative fuel compositions in conventional fossil fuel vehicles, making them work in part on renewable energy sources. Other approaches include fast personal transit, the concept of public transportation that offers automation, on-demand, endless transportation over dedicated network guideways.
Electricity and fuel cell powered
Examples of vehicles with reduced petroleum consumption include electric cars, plug-in hybrids, and hydrogen-powered fuel cell cars.
Electric cars are usually more efficient than fuel cell-powered vehicles with a tank-to-wheel base. They have better fuel economy than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles but are hampered by the maximum distance or distance that can be achieved before battery usage. Battery electric cars are their main cost. They provide CO 2 reduction of 0% to 99.9% compared to ICE vehicles (gasoline, diesel), depending on the power source.
Hybrid electric vehicles
Hybrid cars may be partly fossil fuels (or biofuels) powered and some electric or hydrogen-powered. Most combine internal combustion engines with electric engines, although other variations also exist. Internal combustion engines are often either gasoline engines or Diesel (in rare cases a Stirling engine can even be used). They are more expensive to be bought but redeeming costs are achieved within a period of about 5 years due to better fuel economy.
Car air press, stirling vehicles, and more
Pressurized air cars, stirling-powered vehicles, liquid nitrogen vehicles are even less polluting than electric vehicles, as vehicles and components can be made more environmentally friendly.
The solar car race is held regularly to promote green vehicles and other "green technologies". This slim driver's special vehicle can travel long distances at highway speeds only by using instantly generated electricity from the sun.
Increase conventional car
Conventional vehicles can be a greener vehicle by mixing renewable fuels or using less carbon-rich fossil fuels. A typical gasoline-powered car can tolerate up to 10% ethanol. Brazil produces cars that use pure ethanol, although some are discontinued. Another option available is a flexible fuel vehicle that allows gasoline and ethanol blends, up to 85% in North America and Europe, and up to 100% in Brazil. Another option that exists is to convert conventional gasoline-powered ones to allow the use of alternative CNG. Pakistan, Argentina, Brazil, Iran, India, Italy, and China have the largest fleet of natural gas vehicles in the world.
Diesel powered vehicles can often transition entirely to biodiesel, although fuel is a very strong solvent, which can sometimes damage rubber seals in vehicles built before 1994. More generally, however, biodiesel causes problems simply because it eliminates all built- up residue in the engine, filter blockage, unless maintenance is taken when switching from diesel from fossil fuels to bio-diesel. Very effective for 'de-coking' diesel engine combustion chamber and keep it clean. Biodiesel is the lowest emission fuel available for diesel engines. Diesel engines are the most efficient in-car combustion engines. Biodiesel is the only fuel allowed in some national parks of North America because the spill will be completely degraded within 21 days. Biodiesel and vegetable oils fueled, diesel-engined vehicles have been declared the greenest in the US Tour de Sol competition .
This presents a problem, as biofuels can use food sources to provide mechanical energy for vehicles. Many experts point this out as an excuse to increase food prices, in particular the production of bio-ethanol fuels that have affected the price of maize. To have a low environmental impact, biofuels must be made only from waste products, or from new sources such as algae.
Powerful Vehicles and Pedals Powered Vehicles
Many companies offer and develop two-wheeled vehicles, three, and four that combine the characteristics of a bicycle with an electric motor. US Federal, State and Local Laws do not clearly and consistently classify these vehicles as bicycles, electric bicycles, motorcycles, electric motorcycles, mopeds, Environmental Electric Vehicles, motorized quadricycle or as cars. Some laws have limits on speed, motor power, range, etc. Others do not.
More
- Public transport vehicles are usually not included in the category of environmentally friendly vehicles, but a Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) vehicle may be supposed to. All empowered vehicles from the track have the advantage of potentially using a source of electrical energy, including sustainable, rather than requiring liquid fuel. They can also divert regenerative braking energies between vehicles and electrical networks rather than requiring energy storage in vehicles. In addition, they potentially use the entire track area for solar collectors, not just the surface of the vehicle. The potential energy efficiency of potential domestic workers is much higher than that of traditional cars that can be achieved.
- The solar vehicle is an electric vehicle powered by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the surface (generally, roof) of the vehicle. Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert solar energy directly into electrical energy. Solar vehicles are not a practical daily transportation tool today, but especially demonstration vehicles and technical training, often sponsored by government agencies. However, several cities have begun offering solar-powered buses, including Tindo in Adelaide, Australia.
- Electrically powered vehicles use wind turbines mounted at strategic points of the vehicle, which are then converted into electrical energy that causes the vehicle to move.
Animal powered vehicles
Horses and carts are just one type of animal-driven vehicle. After this form of public transport, they become much less common as the city grows and the cars take their place. In densely populated cities, waste generated by large numbers of transport animals is a significant health problem. Often food is produced for them using diesel-powered tractors, and thus there are some environmental impacts as a result of their use.
Human-powered vehicles
Human-powered transportation includes walking, bicycles, velomobiles, rowboats, and other eco-friendly ways to get around. In addition to the health benefits of the exercise provided, they are much more environmentally friendly than most other options. The only downside is the speed limitations, and how far one can travel before exhaustion.
Benefits of using green vehicles
Environment
Vehicle emissions contribute to increased gas concentrations associated with climate change. In order of significance, the main greenhouse gases associated with road transport are carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O). Ground transportation is the third largest source of greenhouse gases emitted in the UK, and accounts for more than 20% of total emissions, and 33% in the United States. Of the total greenhouse gas emissions from transportation, more than 85% is caused by CO 2 emissions from road vehicles. The transport sector is the fastest growing source of greenhouse gases.
Health
Pollutants of vehicles have been linked to human health including incidents of respiratory and cardiopulmonary diseases and lung cancer. A 1998 report estimated that up to 24,000 people die prematurely every year in the UK as a direct result of air pollution. According to the World Health Organization, up to 13,000 deaths per year among children (ages 0-4 years) across Europe are directly due to outdoor pollution. The organization estimates that if pollution levels are returned to within EU boundaries, more than 5,000 lives can be saved each year.
Monetary
New hybrid taxi fleet operators in New York also report that reducing fuel consumption saves thousands of dollars annually.
Criticism
A study by CNW Marketing Research shows that the extra energy costs of manufacturing, shipping, disposal, and short life of some types of vehicles (especially gas-electric hybrid vehicles) outweigh the energy savings made by them using less oil during their useful life. This type of argument is a lengthy chimney argument. Critics of the report noted that the study prioritized all Toyota hybrid research and development costs across the relatively small number of Prius on the road, rather than using additional costs to build vehicles; used 109,000 miles (175,000 km) for the life of the Prius (Toyota offers 150,000 miles (240,000 km) warranty on Prius hybrid components, including batteries), and calculates that the majority of cradle-to-grave energy cars will be discharged during vehicle production, not when driven. Norwegian Consumer Ombudsman Officer Bente ÃÆ'ËÅ"verli stated that "Cars can not do anything good for the environment except less damage than others." Based on this opinion, Norwegian law severely limits the use of "greenwashing" to market cars, severely prohibits the advertisement of vehicles as environmentally friendly, with large fines incurred for offenders.
Several studies have attempted to compare the environmental impact of electric vehicles and gasoline during the complete life cycle, including production, operation, and disassembly. In general, the results are very different depending on the area under consideration, due to the difference in the energy source to generate electricity that fuel the electric vehicle. When considering only CO 2 emissions, it should be noted that the production of electric cars produces twice as much emissions as the internal combustion car. However, CO 2 emissions during operation are much larger (on average) than during production. For electric cars, the emissions generated during operation depend on the energy source used to generate electricity and thus vary geographically. Studies show that when taking into account both production and operation, electric cars will cause more emissions in countries where electricity production is not clean, for example, mostly coal-based. For this reason, some studies have found that driving an electric car is less damaging to the environment in the western US state than in the east, where less electricity is produced using cleaner sources. Similarly, in countries like India, Australia or China, where most electricity is generated by using coal, driving an electric vehicle will cause greater environmental damage than driving a gasoline vehicle. When justifying the use of electric cars over gasoline cars, this kind of study does not give a clear enough result. Environmental impacts are calculated based on a mixture of fuel used to generate electricity that drives an electric car. However, when a gas vehicle is replaced with an equivalent electric vehicle, additional power must be installed in the electrical grid. This additional capacity is usually not based on the same energy source ratio ("cleaner" than fossil fuels) than the current capacity. Only when additional power production capacity installed to switch from gasoline to electric vehicle will largely consist of clean sources, switching to an electric vehicle can reduce environmental damage. Another common problem in the methodology used in comparative studies is that it focuses only on certain types of environmental impacts. While some studies focus only on emissions of gas pollutants over the life cycle or only on greenhouse gas emissions such as CO 2 , the comparisons must also take into account other environmental impacts such as pollutants released other than during production and operation or materials that are not can be recycled effectively. Examples include the use of lighter high-performance metals, lithium batteries and more rare metals in electric cars, all of which have high environmental impact.
A study that also looked at factors other than energy consumption and carbon emissions have suggested that there is no such thing as an environmentally friendly car.
The use of vehicles with improved fuel efficiency is usually considered positive in the short term but criticism of the rest of the hydrocarbon-based private transportation. The Jevons paradox shows that energy efficiency programs are often counter-productive, even increasing energy consumption over the long term. Many environmental researchers believe that sustainable transportation may require a move from hydrocarbon fuel and from our current paradigm of cars and roadways.
National and international promotion
European Union
The European Union promotes the marketing of environmentally friendly cars through a combination of binding and non-binding actions. As of April 2010, 15 of the 27 EU member states provide tax incentives for electrically charged vehicles and some alternative fuel vehicles, covering all Western European countries except Italy and Luxembourg, plus the Czech Republic and Romania. The incentives consist of tax deductions and exemptions, as well as bonus payments for buyers of electric cars, plug-in hybrids, hybrid electric vehicles, and natural gas vehicles.
United States
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is promoting eco-friendly car marketing through the SmartWay program. The designation of SmartWay and SmartWay Elite means that the vehicle is a better environmental player compared to other vehicles. The appointment of the US EPA arrives taking into account the Air Pollution Score of the vehicle and the Greenhouse Gas Score. Higher Air Pollution figures show vehicles that emit less pollutants that cause smog compared to other vehicles. Higher Greenhouse Gas values ​​indicate vehicles emitting a lower amount of carbon dioxide and have improved fuel economy relative to other vehicles.
To obtain SmartWay tagging, the vehicle must get at least 6 on the Air Pollution Score and at least 6 on the Greenhouse Gas Score, but it has a combined score of at least 13. SmartWay Elite is awarded to vehicles that score 9 or better on Greenhouse Gas Scores and Air Pollution.
A Green Vehicle Marketing Alliance, together with Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ONRL), regularly meets, and coordinates marketing efforts.
Progressive Auto Insurance X Prize
The Progressive Insurance Automotive X PRIZE (PIAXP) is a series of competitions, programs and events, from the X PRIZE Foundation to "inspire a new generation of super-efficient vehicles that help break America's addiction to oil and stem the effects of climate change." Progressive Insurance is a major sponsor of the prize , whose center is the Competition Division, where a $ 10 million purse will be split between the winners of three competitions.
The core of any competition is to design, build and drive super efficient vehicles that will reach 100 MPGe (2.35 liter/100 kilometers) and can be produced for mass market. Inside the Competition Division, there are two classes of vehicles: Mainstream and Alternative. The mainstream class has a $ 5 million prize. The alternative class has 2 separate prizes of $ 2.5 million, one for side-by-side seating and one for tandem seating.
Some competitors, such as Aptera and Tesla, have already taken deposits for 'green' vehicles from customers.
Green car rank
Some car magazines, special publications of motor vehicles and environmental groups publish the annual ranking or list of the best green cars in a given year. The following table presents the option of the yearly end result.
Electric vehicle motors show
Special electric and green vehicle motors show:
- Alternative Vehicles and Fuel Exhibition (AVFS), Valladolid Exhibition, Spain, in November.
- The Green Fleet Expo, the Royal Botanical Gardens (Ontario), in May.
- Green-Car-Guide Live !, Arena and Convention Center in Liverpool, in June
- Electric & amp; Hybrid Vehicle Technology Expo, (Sindelfingen, Germany, April/Novi, Detroit, Michigan, September). [2]
- Europe Electric Motor Show, Helsinki Exhibition & amp; Convention Center, in November
See also
Notes and references
Further reading
- Leitman, Seth; Brant, Bob (October 2008). Build Your Own Electric Vehicle, 2nd Edition . McGraw-Hill, Inc. ISBNÃ, 0-07-154373-2.
- Tobin Smith; Jim Woods; Liz Claman (2008). "Waving the Green Flag, Clean Transport". Billion Dollar Green . John Wiley and Sons. pp.Ã, 35-46. ISBN: 978-0-470-34377-7. Ã,
- Car Engine DFE2008 , Wikiversity
External links
- Vehicle Market Report 2013 TechTech, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center
- AU Green Vehicle Guide
- Clean Car Calculator
- Clean Cities - Vehicle Buyers Guide 2014, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), US Department of Energy program, Clean Cities. December 2013.
- Cradle-to-Grave Lifecycle Analysis of US Light-Duty Vehicle-Fuel Pathways: A Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Current Economic Assessment of Technology (2015) and the Future (2025-2030) (including estimates of avoided GHG emissions from various AFV Technologies), Argonne National Laboratory, June 2016.
- Car earth
- EPA Green Vehicle Guide
- Green Car (Autocar)
- Green Car Center (Yahoo)
- The Green Car Guide.
- Infographics: Green Cars 101 (2011)
- Green car and eco driving
- Green Progress
- 2014 Model Economy Fuel Guidelines, US Environmental Protection Agency, and US Department of Energy, April 2014.
- Homepage Progressive Auto Insurance X PRIZE
- Small Saver Small Vehicle: People's Car Project
- Charging Status: Global Vehicle Electrical Heating Emissions and Fuel Cost Savings throughout the United States (UCS)
- The Top Ten Fuel Screeners Value of EPA (2016) - including BEV and PHEVs
- UCS Hybrid Scorecard
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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